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英语论文

2017-03-01 05:50:32 来源网站: 百味书屋

篇一:英语论文introduction

英文论文引言的写作技巧Introduction

学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式,但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律,然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

引言的内容与结构布局

引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项:

介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;

对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述,包括前人的研究成果,已经解决的问题,并适当加以评价或比较;

指出前人尚未解决的问题,留下的技术空白,也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路,从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义;

说明自己研究课题的目的;

概括论文的主要内容,或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容,将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚,并非容易之事。经验告诉我们,引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度,作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏,研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题,都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成,其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述;第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题,从而引出自己的研究动机与意义;第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容;最后是引言的结尾,可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第一层:

1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………

2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………

第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant

question ………………………………………………………………………………… 第三层:Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………

第四层:

1) Announcing your major findings ………………………………………

2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……………………………………

图8.1 引言的结构布局之一

值得注意的是,引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样,摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见7.2节)。而在引言中,第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。

引言与摘要还有一点不同的是,摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出,而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写,这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results),不必在引言中重复。

篇二:英语论文格式要求

扬州大学外国语学院英语专业毕业论文格式

(2008年3月31日)

一、页面设置与字体

毕业论文须用A4纸打印,上为2.5cm,下为2.8cm,左、右均为2.4cm,页码插入页面底端右侧。除另有特殊规定外,英文一律用Times New Roman,中文一律用仿宋_GB2312。

二、毕业论文组成

毕业论文由以下几部分组成:论文封面、题目扉页、论文题目、摘要及关键词、正文、参考文献、 附录(可选)。

三、毕业论文格式与撰写要求

(一)论文封面

采用学校统一的封面。

(二)题目扉页

参照附件1。

(三)论文题目

段前段后各1.5行,三号字加粗居中,字体:Times New Roman。题目应该简短、明确、有概括性,字数适当。题目中所有实词首字母大写。副标题:四号字,居中,前面加破折号。

(四)中英文摘要及关键词

英文摘要及关键词在前,中文摘要及关键词在后,单倍行距,顶格,五号字。 英文摘要及关键词:字体采用Times New Roman,标示语 “Abstract”、“Key words”及冒号加粗。

中文摘要及关键词:标示语“摘要”、“关键词”及冒号为黑体;内容字体为仿宋。

英文摘要一般为60—90英文单词,内容应包括论文研究目的、研究方法、研究结论及论文结构等。中文摘要及关键词应与英文摘要及关键词相对应。

关键词是表述论文主要内容和信息的词语或术语,关键词数量一般为3—5个。关键词之间须用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不用标点符号。摘要和关键词中出现英文书名用斜体,出现中文书名加书名号。

(五)正文

1、排版

字号:小四

行距:固定值20磅

段落:首行缩进2字符

2、篇幅

4000—4500英文单词。

3、格式要求

(1)引言部分

引言标示语“Introduction”顶格加粗,段前段后各1行,前不用序号,后不用

标点。

(2)正文主体部分

正文主体部分须有小标题(顶格加粗),要求简短明确,首词和专有名词第

一个字母大写,其余一律小写。小标题须编序,编序采用以下模式:

1.(段前段后1行,加粗)

1.1(加粗,不空行)

1.1.1(加粗,不空行)

2.(段前段后1行,加粗)

2.1(加粗,不空行)

2.1.1(加粗,不空行)

……

依此类推。

(3)结语

结语标示语“Conclusion”顶格加粗,段前段后各1行,前不用序号,后不用

标点。

(六)引文出处的标注

1、文内标注

(1)基本格式:作者姓、年份、页码

引文前未出现作者姓名,引文后须标注作者姓、年份与页码;引文前出现

作者姓名,在姓名后标出出版年份与页码;引文出处为期刊文章时,无须标注页码。

标注中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。

例如:

Even as a child, George Mallory was willing to take great risks as a climber, and “when there were no trees, Mallory climbed buildings” (Jenkins, 2000: 44). Mark Jenkins (2001: 44) suggests that Mallory was so involved in climbing because it “was the physical counterbalance to a vigorous intellectual life”.

(2)其他情况

A.引用文学作品原文,引文后用小写字母“p.”加页码。

例如:

In Jane Austen?s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet admires Elizabeth because “she has something more of quickness than her sisters” (p. 10), a quality that brings her in line with the definition of his own personality, which is composed of “quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice” (p. 11).

B. 转引他人的引文,参照下例:

...(Davis, qtd. in Hentoff, 1998: 34).

C. 引用两个作者合著的作品或文章,须标出两个作者的姓,出版时间与页码。 例如:

The most notorious lobby is the “Sugar Mafia” ( Howe and Trott, 1997: 134).

D. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:

… (Widdowson, 1998a: 45)

… (Widdowson, 1998b: 36)

… (Sun, 2007a: 66)

… (Sun, 2007b: 38)

E. 连续引用同一文献,自第二次引用开始用ibid,加冒号,加页码。

例如:

第一次引用:(Widdowson, 1998: 45)

第二次引用:(ibid: 48)

F. 引用1至2行诗句: 用“/”表示一行的结束。

例如:

In “Logan Braes”, John Mayne (1968: 363) writes: “Revered by friends, and

far frae faes, / We?d live in bliss on Logan Braes”.

3行以上(含3行)诗句:引文另起一段,不用引号,段前段后1行,每

行左右各缩进5个字符。

例如:

In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare writes:

Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer?s lease hath all too short a date.

G. 引用5行以上(含5行)引文时,引文另起一段,不用引号,段前段后1行,

每行左右各缩进5个字符,五号字,引文结束后应标注出处。

H. 引文里若有省略的内容用 “[…]” 标示。

例如:

“The local politicians believe welfare […] should all be paid for through

income taxes” (Stewart, 1999: 1).

I. 引用中文文献,作者姓一律用汉语拼音标注。

例如:

… (Tao, 2007: 38).

2、文后参考文献的编排

参考文献另起一页,只列出文内引用过的文献。标示语“References”居中,

段前段后1行,用Times New Roman, 小四号字加粗。每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起 “悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序:英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓

氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。

1)英文参考文献

(1)专著与编著

排列顺序为:作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如:

专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名,后者用斜体。

例如:

Dunn, Richard J ed. New York: Norton, 1971.

A.两个至三个作者

第一作者的姓在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前,姓在后,

中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”,后用句号。

例如:

B. 三个以上作者

第一作者姓名(姓在前,名在后,中间加逗号)后接“et al.”,其他作者姓

名省略。

例如:

University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:

Widdowson, Hey G1998a.

Widdowson, Hey G. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1998b.

(2)论文集

参照下例:

Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.

(3)百科全书等参考文献

参照下例:

Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. (4)学术期刊论文

参照下例:

Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary

Classrooms”.

(5)网络文献

参照下例:

----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .

<http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.php/3398511>.

2)中文参考文献

(1)专著

参照下例:

皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.

(2)期刊文章

参照下例:

杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J] .外语教学与研究,1999,

(2):1-3.

(3)学位论文

参照下例:

梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D] .湖南大

学,2002.

(4)论文

参照下例:

许小纯.含义和话语结构[A] .李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C] .哈尔

滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.

(5)附录

调查问卷、公式推演、编写程序、原始数据和附表等有参考价值的内容应

放在附录中。

附录篇幅不宜超过正文。

(6)正文部分参照附件2;中文文献类型标识参照附件3。

附件1:

On the Introduction of Loanwords from

English to Chinese

文章题目段前5行,段后6行;字体

Times New Roman;2号字,加粗。题

目超过一行,行间单倍行距。

By MA Lili

作者姓名用汉语拼音标示,参照示例。

段后5行;字体Times New Roman;4

号字加粗。

Under the Supervision of

Mr. TAO Zhu

导师姓名与上一行之间用单倍行距;导

师姓名行段后6行;导师姓名前加Mr.、

Professor、Dr.、Ms.等;姓名行上一行

4号字,不加粗;姓名行4号字加粗;

字体均为Times New Roman。

School of Foreign Languages

Yangzhou University

June, 2007

字体Times New Roman;4号字。

篇三:英语论文模板(格式)

On Extra-curricular Activities and Cultivation of English Communicative Ability of College Students

Applicant: XX Supervisor: XX Faculty:

XXX

May 10, 2008

XXX University

Contents

摘 要 ................................................................................................................................................ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 The Significance of Topic ................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Methods ............................................................................................................... 1

2. Theory Research ........................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Linguistics Rationale ........................................................................................................... 1

2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes ........................................ 1

2.1.2 Theory of Communicative Competence by Canale & Swain .................................. 2

2.1.3 Theory of Communicative Competence by Bachman.............................................. 2

2.2 Theoretical Basis of the Topic ............................................................................................. 2

2.2.1 Piaget's Theory ......................................................................................................... 2

2.2.2 American Scholar--Alan Andean &Weir about ―Role Play‖ ................................... 3

2.3 Related Studies .................................................................................................................... 3

2.3.1 Researches Abroad ................................................................................................... 3

2.3.2 Researches in China ................................................................................................. 3

3. Presentation of the English Teaching ............................................................................................ 4

3.1 The Drawbacks of Traditional Teaching Methods .............................................................. 4

3.2 Modern Interest Teaching——CLT .................................................................................... 4

3.2.1 Definition of CLT .................................................................................................... 4

3.2.2 The Content and Substance of CLT ......................................................................... 5

3.2.3 CLT in the Use of English Out-of-class Activities .................................................. 6

4. Out-of-class Activities and Cultivation of Communication Ability ............................................. 6

4.1 The Role of Out-of-class Activities in Training of Communication Ability ....................... 6

4.2 Current Situation of College Students’ Out-of-class Learning ............................................ 7

4.3 Analysis on the Causes for Problems .................................................................................. 8

4.4 Carrying Out the Out-of-class Activities in Scientific and Effective Way .......................... 9

4.5 A Suggested Framework for Strategy Study ..................................................................... 11

4.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11

4.5.2 An Out-of-class English Learning Center .............................................................. 11

5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 12

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 14

摘 要

美国社会语言学家Dwell Hymes认为,交际能力不仅包括对一种语言的语言形式的理解和掌握,而且还包括对在何时何地、以什么方式对谁恰当使用语言形式进行交际的知识体系的理解和掌握。作为课堂的延伸和补充,课外活动在提高大学生英语交际能力方面起着至关重要的作用。课外活动能创造交际活动情境,使学生充分发挥主体性、能动性和创造性,促使学生语言交际能力的和谐发展和学生素质的全面提高。本文从应用语言学的角度探讨大学生英语课外活动课程的实施理念与实践,其目的是培养学生运用英语交际的兴趣,提高英语语言能力,发挥个性特长,发展思维能力和交际能力。最后根据研究,本文提出旨在培养优化大学生课外学习的策略,并提出了建立课外英语学习中心的设想,用以配合策略培训,促进课外自主学习。

关键词:大学生 交际能力 英语课外活动 学习策略

Abstract

American society linguist Dwell Hymes thinks: Communicative competence not only includes the understanding and grasp to a form of language, but also includes the understanding and mastering in when and where, and how and to whom to use language appropriate form of the communication systems of knowledge. As an extension of the classroom, out-of-class activities play a vital role in improving the capacity of college English communication. It can create communication situation, so that students can bring full play with initiative and creativity. Improve the communicative ability and develop the quality of the students comprehensively. From the perspective of Applied Linguistics, this essay tries to study the idea and practice of English activity course in college school, for the purpose of fostering students’ interest in English communication,improving their English language ability, giving full play to their individuality and specialty and developing their thinking ability and communicating ability. Finally, in order to improve the college students' learning strategy, the essay will provide a suggested framework for strategy training based on the results of this investigation.

Key words: college students, communicative competence, learning strategies, out-of-class activities

1. Introduction

1.1 The Significance of Topic

English is the international language of the common. In order to learn advanced scientific knowledge in the developed countries, to strengthen economic trade with all countries, the importance of English is easily obvious. However, the teaching methods and teaching effectiveness of our schools in China are worrisome. In the recent years people usually think the English condition of Chinese students as ―mute English‖ or ―deaf English‖. Their English learning starts from the primary school, with a long period of seven years, eight years, or even 10 years, they still can not use English to make dialogue, can not understand when the Britain and the Americans speak. The reason is that the exam-oriented education can cultivate students who are only good at examinations, overlooking to raise their overall quality. Out-of-class English learning may enable them related knowledge, further their skills.

1.2 Research Methods

The main methods for the study are insisting on combining the theory with practice and widely referring to the domestic and foreign literature material. On the basis of this analysis and research, some regular understandings are to be summarized. Put forward proposals to improve.

2. Theory Research

2.1 Linguistics Rationale

2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes

In 1972, Hymes delivered a speech entitled ―On communicative competence‖, put ―communicative competence‖ as a highly complex system of the knowledge and skills. It can be summarized as a person’s ability to use the language. It mainly


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