篇一：2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》第11-20课_课文精讲
（20篇新课文，考过的大题已标出）
目录
31 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES 石油地质学与其它科学 ............. 错误！未定义书签。
32. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH加利福尼亚淘金热 (2016新版) ......................... 错误！未定义书签。 33 WHAT DO PARENTS OWE THEIR CHILDREN 父母欠子女什么？ ......................... 错误！未定义书签。
34. SHOULD YOU GO ORGANIC? 你应该“有机”吗？（N2016新增） ................ 错误！未定义书签。 35 YOU BET YOUR LIFE 以命相赌 ............................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。
36. TO BE CONTENT WITH ONE'S LOT乐天知命 ....................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 37 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO TEACH UNTIL I MET YOU 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学错误！未定义书签。 38 RESERVOIR PRODUCTION MECHANISMS油藏开采机理（2016新版） ............. 错误！未定义书签。 39 A $210,000 WALLET 价值21万美元的钱包 ....................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 40 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLE 处理人际关系的基本技巧 错误！未定义书签。
11Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌
(1970 figures). This is the equivalent<相等的>of 4,195 cigarettes 据估计> 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2. Since 1939, scientific studies to determine whether smoking is . has been and indicates that there is that smoking,particularly cigarette smoking, shortened life .
2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers and and is believed to be related to and the . Male cigarette smokers have non-smoking males. (Female smokers
because they do not breathe in the smoke .) The of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their and say,"Give up smoking. If you don't smoke-don't start!"
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”
4. Some and research workers-though their small number is even further- and cancer may possibly other factors in ,or chemical . Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases,they say,may also,巧>,live in industrial areas,or eat more canned<罐头>food. Gradually<渐渐地，逐渐地>,however,research is isolating<排除，孤立>all other possible factors and proving them to be .
4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5. ,it might 清>what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, chemicals,minute particles of ,and other solids. There is also ,which is a powerful ,and black . As the smoke is breathed in,all these components form 膜，隔膜> of the lungs. One point ofconcentration<集中> is where the air tube<气管>,or ,divides. Most lung cancer this point.
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的烟尘微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
6. Smoking also affects the heart and . Beurger's disease,aof the small
can cause great pain and lead even to . Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7. While all tobacco smoking affects life andand
health,cigarette smoking appears to or
smoking. However,nicotine is not by ,and current research indicates . 过滤> and low tar tobacco are claimed to<据称> make smoking to some extent<程度上> ,but they can onlyreduce,not the.
7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
12.East Meets West in Relaxing Macau
澳门——东西方文化的交汇点
1.Macau<澳门> is largely unchanged since being returned to<回到> China on December 20th 1999 after 112 years as a Portuguese<葡萄牙>colony<殖民地> and visitors it.
1.在经过112年葡萄牙殖民统治后，澳门于1999年12月20日回归中国，此后基本上保持原貌，游客们对此很欣赏。
2.Macau inhabitants<居民>regarded the handover<移交>as a mere<只不过、仅仅是> change of administration.Certainly<确实、的确>,you see fewer Portuguese faces on the streets nowadays,but there remains the curious<稀奇的、不同寻常的>mixture<融合、混合> of European flair<才能，本领，天赋，特别的风格> and Far Eastern tradition that make the city so special.
2.澳门的居民认为这次移交仅仅是管理上的变化。的确，在今天澳门大街上你看不到多少葡萄牙人，但是这儿依然是欧洲风格与远东传统文化不同寻常的融合点，这使得它具有独特的城市风貌。
3.Like its larger neighbour Hong Kong,Macau is now a special<特别> administrative region of China,but its special capitalist status<资本主义制度>is guaranteed for<被保持> the next 50 years.
3.与较大的近邻香港一样，澳门现在是中国的一个特别行政区，它保持资本主义制度的特殊地位将50年不变。
4.When you first glimpse<一瞥> Macau on the ferry<渡船> from Hong Kong,it looks less than impressive<令人深刻的，引人注目的>.The skyline<轮廓> is dull<平淡，感觉或理解迟钝的，无趣的，呆滞的>compared to<与?相比> the imposing<雄伟的，使人难忘的，壮丽的> glass skyscrapers<摩天大楼> of Hong Kong,and most people do not take the time to revise<修正> this first impression<第一印象>,devoting<奉献，致力于> no more than a day trip to it.But this does notdo justice to<公平对待> this city of two cultures<两种文化>,which hides<隐藏> plenty of interesting secrets.
4.当你从香港开来的渡船上第一次瞥一眼澳门时，它看起来并不起眼。同香港那雄伟壮丽的摩天大楼相比，澳门这个城市的轮廓显得并不鲜明，多数人只花不多于一天的时间去那里旅游，不愿多费时间去修正他们的第一印象。但是如此看待这座具有两种文化风格的城市是不公平的，这样很多有趣的东西就看不到了。
5.The Macau Museum<博物馆>,which opened two years ago,offers an excellent<极好的，优秀的> introduction to the peninsula’s<半岛>past and present<过去与现在>.Children love it because it is full of technical<专门的、技术的>paraphernalia<设备、东西，随身用具，装备>.You can press buttons to light up trade routes<贸易航线> on maps,or to hear the different typical<标准的、典型的> cries of Macau’s traders<商贩、酒店>.
5.两年前开放的澳门博物馆极好地展示了半岛的过去和现在。孩子们都喜欢它是因为里面有各种各样高科技含量的东西。你按一下按钮就能将地图上的贸易航线照亮，还可以听一听澳门商贩那各具特征的叫卖声。
6.Just a few metres from the museum is the city’s most photographed symbol<象征、标志>:the ruins<遗址> of Sao Paulo,the Jesuit<耶稣会会员，阴险的人，伪善者>church<教堂> built in 1602,although today only its imposing stone facade<正面> remains.
篇二：2016版中石油职称英语word版新增课文
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management <NEW>
主持会议六大准则
If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management.
如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。
1.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow.
1.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。
2.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well.
2.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。
3.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings.
3.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。
4.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time.
4.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。
5.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism.
5.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而
有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。
6.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager.
6．准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议的人的信誉。
9. Oil and Gas Generation <New>
油气生成
1. Petroleum is a result of the deposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. These areas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons or marshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited along with the organic matter and the rate of deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial before being destroyed by decay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changes result in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence will stop and may even reverse.
1.石油是动植物在缓慢沉降区沉积演化而成的。这些地区通常是在海里，或者在海边的泻湖或沼泽中，偶尔在湖泊或内陆沼泽中。有机质和沉积物一起沉积下来，沉积速度必须足够快，才能使部分有机质在腐烂毁坏之前埋藏保存起来。随着时间的流逝和这个地区继续慢慢下沉，有机质埋藏德更深，从而处于更高的温度和压力之下。最后经过化学变化生成了石油。而下沉最终会停止甚至可能反过来上升。
2. As the great weight of the overlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Small globules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventually migrated upwards through layers of porous rock. Indeed, some of it eventually reached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which are called“seeps”or“shows”. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface. Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layer of rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandstone or limestone, far beneath the surface.
2.由于上覆岩层的重量和沉积物的不断下压，迫使石油离开它们的出生地，运移到附近砂岩中。油滴聚集在岩石空隙中，最终通过空隙性岩层向上运移。最后，部分石油到达地面形成大的焦油池。石油到达地表的地方叫做“油苗”或“油气显示”。然而，一些石油不能渗透到地面，在向上运移时被一些不渗透的岩层阻挡，于是就圈闭在远离地面以下的空隙性储油岩中，如砂岩或石灰岩。
3. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil and gas to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area:（1）The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2)The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3)A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4)A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.
3.石油或天然气要聚集到具有开采价值的数量，必须具备四个先决条件：（1）石油源于生油层，海相页岩（曾经是一种富含有机化合物的黑色软泥）被认为是一种常见的生油岩。
（2）石油然后经过长途垂直和水平运移，聚集到渗透性储集岩中。在页岩生油层的细小孔道中，石油不能快速流动，因而开采不经济。（3）在储集岩层纸上必须有不渗透层。因石油比水轻，总是通过各种空隙和裂隙向上运移，直至遇到不能渗透的岩层才停止。然后石油就会聚集在非渗透岩层之下。石油中含有溶解气，如果高于饱和度，溶解气就会游离出来占据圈闭的最上部地区。（4）必须具备有利的构造才能把石油聚集起来，背斜、盐栓和断层就是常见的例子。
4. Traps
4. 圈闭的类型
5. A trap is the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 percent of the known petroleum reserves occur in structural traps.
5. 圈闭是阻止石油和天然气进一步运移的地方。地质学家把油气圈闭分成了两大基本类型：构造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭是由于含有碳氢化合物的岩层变形而形成的圈闭。大约80%~90%的油藏都发现于构造圈闭之中。
6. An anticline, the simplest and commonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale marl, or salt. Petroleum migrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by an overlying bed of impermeable rock.
6. 背斜圈闭是一种最常见的简单石油储集类型，其岩石向上折起，形状就像拱形的建筑物。在多孔渗透性储集层之上必须要有细粒不渗透的盖层封闭，如粘土、岩层、泥灰岩或盐。石油运移进入褶皱的顶部，其上面的不渗透岩石便阻止了石油溢出。
7. Fault traps are also common. Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermrable bed. But the real trap is provided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncates the reservoir.
7. 断层圈闭也是很常见的。断层圈闭同样也必须具有多孔可渗透储集层和相对来说渗透性较差的细粒盖层。但真正的圈闭是由断层所形成的。由于产生了断层，存在于断层中的一些细粒物质会使石油不能再继续向上运移：另外，当断层切过储油层时，断层另一侧不渗透细粒物质层也会在储油层被切断的地方将油层封住，使石油无法继续向上运移。
8. A salt dome formed when a mass of salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals off disrupted beds and so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.
8. 上覆沉积物的重量所产生的压力使大量的盐向上蠕动，形成了盐丘。盐丘将沉积岩层向上拱成穹形，并封闭了断开的岩层，这样就在盐丘的上面和周围形成了圈闭。
9. The trapping mechanism of stratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration of these to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and nature of the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms if stratigraphic trap are fossil coral reefs. In these, the voids in the reef reservoir contain the petroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which the reef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstone reservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend to be much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance to fluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication through the reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.
9. 地层圈闭主要是由地层的因素而不是由构造的因素所造成的。地层圈闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗透储层被细粒相对不透水层所封闭，但是形成储油构造的那些地层圈闭的形状和结构，则由特点的沉积过程和沉积物的性质所决定。地层圈闭的最明显的形态是古珊瑚礁，礁体储层空间含有石油，而礁体被粘土或页岩所封闭，因此，油就跑不掉。这些空间和砂岩储油层中的空隙不同，有更多的溶洞和裂隙，其产油率也要比砂岩储油层高得多。由于有了溶洞和裂隙，流体运动的摩擦阻力要小得多，因此石油在储集层中更加易于流动。因而，开采时所需要的井数也比较少。
10.The Dress Code for Office Life <New>
办公室的着装礼仪
1. Every office has a dress code，but in today’s casual workplace，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to each individual to figure out whafs acceptable and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately, but fortunately most offices also send out a few signals.
1. 每个办公室都有其着装之道，但在当今较随便的工作场合中，着装规 则并不总是明文写出。这就需要每位职员自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。这实际上增加了得体着装的难度，但好在大多数办公室也 发出一些信号。
篇三：2016中石油职称英语新增共21课带目录
中石油职称英语2016版新增课程目录：
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management 主持会议六大准则 2页
9. Oil and Gas Generation 油气生成3页
10.The Dress Code for Office Life 办公室的着装礼 6页
12.East Meets West in Relaxing Macau 澳门——东西方文化的交汇点 8页
15. Conventional Petroleum Reservoir常规油气藏 11页
16. Unconventional Oil and Gas非常规油气 15页
18. Unleashing Your Creativity 释放你的创造力 19页
21.And All That Jazz 关乎爵士乐 21页
27. When You Travel to a Large City 旅行在都市23页
32. The California Gold Rush 加利福尼亚淘金热26页
34. Should You Go Organic? 你应该“有机”吗？30页
38. Reservoir Production Mechanisms油藏开采机理35页
44. Job Satisfaction 工作满意度 38页
45. How to Become a Scientist 怎样才能成为一名科学家 42页
48. The Conscious Use of the Subconscious Mind 对潜意识的有意识利用 45页
49. The British through My Eyes 我眼中的英国人 49页
51. Those Fascinating Northern Lights 迷人的北极光 51页
53. Oil Refining 石油炼制 57页
55. It’s never too Late for Success 成功不分早晚 60页
58. Our Many Responses to Pain 痛感反应 64页
59. Forest Fires: a Major Disaster 森林大火：可怕的灾难 69页
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management <NEW>
主持会议六大准则
If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management. 如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。
1.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow.
1.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。
2.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well.
2.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。
3.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings.
3.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。
4.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time.
4.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。
5.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism.
5.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。
6.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager.
6．准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议的人的信誉。
9. Oil and Gas Generation <New>
油气生成
1. Petroleum is a result of the deposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. These areas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons or marshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited along with the organic matter and the rate of deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial before being destroyed by decay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changes result in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence will stop and may even reverse.
1.石油是动植物在缓慢沉降区沉积演化而成的。这些地区通常是在海里，或者在海边的泻湖或沼泽中，偶尔在湖泊或内陆沼泽中。有机质和沉积物一起沉积下来，沉积速度必须足够快，才能使部分有机质在腐烂毁坏之前埋藏保存起来。随着时间的流逝和这个地区继续慢慢下沉，有机质埋藏德更深，从而处于更高的温度和压力之下。最后经过化学变化生成了石油。而下沉最终会停止甚至可能反过来上升。
2. As the great weight of the overlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Small globules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventually migrated upwards through layers of porous rock. Indeed, some of it eventually reached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which are called“seeps”or
“shows”. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface. Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layer of rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandstone or limestone, far beneath the surface.
2.由于上覆岩层的重量和沉积物的不断下压，迫使石油离开它们的出生地，运移到附近砂岩中。油滴聚集在岩石空隙中，最终通过空隙性岩层向上运移。最后，部分石油到达地面形成大的焦油池。石油到达地表的地方叫做“油苗”或“油气显示”。然而，一些石油不能渗透到地面，在向上运移时被一些不渗透的岩层阻挡，于是就圈闭在远离地面以下的空隙性储油岩中，如砂岩或石灰岩。
3. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil and gas to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area:
（1）The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2)The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3)A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4)A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.
3.石油或天然气要聚集到具有开采价值的数量，必须具备四个先决条件：（1）石油源于生油层，海相页岩（曾经是一种富含有机化合物的黑色软泥）被认为是一种常见的生油岩。（2）石油然后经过长途垂直和水平运移，聚集到渗透性储集岩中。在页岩生油层的细小孔道中，石油不能快速流动，因而开采不经济。（3）在储集岩层纸上必须有不渗透层。因石油比水轻，总是通过各种空隙和裂隙向上运移，直至遇到不能渗透的岩层才停止。然后石油就会聚集在非渗透岩层之下。石油中含有溶解气，如果高于饱和度，溶解气就会游离出来占据圈闭的最上部地区。（4）必须具备有利的构造才能把石油聚集起来，背斜、盐栓和断层就是常见的例子。
4. Traps
4. 圈闭的类型
5. A trap is the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 percent of the known petroleum reserves occur in structural traps.
5. 圈闭是阻止石油和天然气进一步运移的地方。地质学家把油气圈闭分成了两大基本类型：构造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭是由于含有碳氢化合物的岩层变形而形成的圈闭。大约80%~90%的油藏都发现于构造圈闭之中。
6. An anticline, the simplest and commonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale marl, or salt. Petroleum migrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by an overlying bed of impermeable rock.
6. 背斜圈闭是一种最常见的简单石油储集类型，其岩石向上折起，形状就像拱形的建筑物。在多孔渗透性储集层之上必须要有细粒不渗透的盖层封闭，如粘土、岩层、泥灰岩或盐。石油运移进
入褶皱的顶部，其上面的不渗透岩石便阻止了石油溢出。
7. Fault traps are also common. Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermrable bed. But the real trap is provided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncates the reservoir.
7. 断层圈闭也是很常见的。断层圈闭同样也必须具有多孔可渗透储集层和相对来说渗透性较差的细粒盖层。但真正的圈闭是由断层所形成的。由于产生了断层，存在于断层中的一些细粒物质会使石油不能再继续向上运移：另外，当断层切过储油层时，断层另一侧不渗透细粒物质层也会在储油层被切断的地方将油层封住，使石油无法继续向上运移。
8. A salt dome formed when a mass of salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals off disrupted beds and so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.
8. 上覆沉积物的重量所产生的压力使大量的盐向上蠕动，形成了盐丘。盐丘将沉积岩层向上拱成穹形，并封闭了断开的岩层，这样就在盐丘的上面和周围形成了圈闭。
9. The trapping mechanism of stratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration of these to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and nature of the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms if stratigraphic trap are fossil coral reefs. In these, the voids in the reef reservoir contain the petroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which the reef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstone reservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend to be much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance to fluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication through the reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.
9. 地层圈闭主要是由地层的因素而不是由构造的因素所造成的。地层圈闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗透储层被细粒相对不透水层所封闭，但是形成储油构造的那些地层圈闭的形状和结构，则由特点的沉积过程和沉积物的性质所决定。地层圈闭的最明显的形态是古珊瑚礁，礁体储层空间含有石油，而礁体被粘土或页岩所封闭，因此，油就跑不掉。这些空间和砂岩储油层中的空隙不同，有更多的溶洞和裂隙，其产油率也要比砂岩储油层高得多。由于有了溶洞和裂隙，流体运动的摩擦阻力要小得多，因此石油在储集层中更加易于流动。因而，开采时所需要的井数也比较少。
《2016版中石油职称英语新增20课》出自：百味书屋
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