篇一：研究生综合英语部分课后题答案
Unite 1
1.Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate/alleviate(减轻，降低) that risk.作为一个未来的员工,你的工作是帮助招聘经理降低风险。
2.You need help them identify(认定，认同) you as prospective/expected(预期的，未来的) “key player”.你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
3.Kelly was outstanding and outshone/surpassed(优于,超过) every other player on the field.凯利非常出色，胜过了球场上所有其他球员。
4.Better still,develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates/originates(发动，创建) collaborations.更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人之间，培养一个良好的声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人。
5.He is a former scientist who transitioned/transferred(转变，改变) to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position.他之前是一名科学家，许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级经理的职位。
6.The unions mobilized/organized(组织) thousands of workers in a protest(抗议，游行) against the cuts.协合会组织了一场数以千计的工人游行来抗议裁员。
7.This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think 信念).
act on ones convictions 按某人的想法行事。
这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己想法行事的人们提出了要求。
8.His speech was made with such great ambiguity/vagueness(不清楚) that neither supporter nor opponent(反对者) could be certain of his true position.他的演讲有许多疑点，既没有支持者也没有反对者来肯定他的立场。
9.The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize(优先处理) his or her relationship assets/advantages(资源，优势) above their technical assets.想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。 开明的) use of the pronoun “we” and not just ”I”when describing your accomplishments(业绩), can change the company’s perception/impression(看法，印象) of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator.这个方法，加上你在描述业绩是开明的使用代词“我们”而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。
11.I’m trying to foster/encourage(培养，鼓励) an interest in classical music in my children.我尝试着培养孩子在古典音乐上的兴趣。
12.A German company collaborated/cooperated(合作) with a Swiss firm(公司) to develop the product.一个德国公司和一个瑞士公司合作开发的产品。
The independence-versus-interdependence issue has been written about regularly and is often introduced as the major issue separating the two worlds of scientific ： academic and industrial. For decades, academia has lip service to the idea of collaboration, but the incentive-and-reward system has been slow to . Despite the widespread interest in collaboration and its obvious value in an academic , collaboration remains informal and is actually for their work with others.
Large-scale academic collaboration has taken place successfully in the past; the Manhattan Project and contemporaneous radar research, and numerous experimental particle projects, to
that academic scientists can play well with others. More recently, new systems biology studies are bringing a sense of into academic life science labs, but there have been some growing pains. Still, in most of academic science— including the life science— the lone wolf still 独立性抗相互依存关系的问题已被写入经常定期介绍在学术和工业两个世界科学的用人的主要问题，几十年来，学术界一直口惠合作的想法，但激励和奖励制度迟迟没有调整。尽管在协作的广泛兴趣和其明显的价值在学术环境中，合作仍然是非正式的，实际上是由任期过程，其中学者处罚共享的信用为自己与他人的工作劝阻。
过去已经发生过成功的大规模的学术合作;曼哈顿计划和当时雷达的研究，以及众多的实验粒子项目，仅举几个例子也许不是纯粹意义上的学者，但他们证明，学术科学家可以与其他人合作得很好。最近，新的系统生物学的研究使团队合作的意识进入学术生命科学实验室，但也出现了一些发展上的问题。不过，在大多数学术科学 - 包括生命科学仍以单干者主。
Unite 4
1.Although such a statement may seem self-centered(自我为中心的), it’s actually(实际上) quite insightful/perceptive(富有洞察力的).虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地。
2.Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism(批评) and less demanding of/exacting of others.从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。
3.It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive/compulsive(令人着迷的), and irrational.它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是不理智的。
4.And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment/fidelity(忠诚，忠心).而且，说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。
5.In any type of love , caring about the other person is essential. Although love may involve passionate(激情的) yearning/desire(渴望), respect is a more important quality.不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是最重要的品质。
6.Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive/jealous(占有欲) dependency(依赖) that limits the loves’ social, emotional, and intellectual growth.反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。
7.This misconceptions(误解) often lead to uealistic(不现实的) expectations(期望), stereotypes(固定模式), and disillusionment/disenchantment(幻觉破灭).这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式和幻觉破灭。
8.It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad/numerous(各种各样的，数不清的) other “oatmeal”tasks that are not very sexy.它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅拌燕麦粥”的任务。
9.Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape/form(塑造) romantic experience.甚至在13岁之前，请感经历就有社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。
10.Once desire diminishes, disappointed loves may wonder where the “spark” in their relationship has gone and may reminisce/recall(回忆) regretfully (and longingly) about “the good old days”.一旦欲望消失了，失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪了，他们可能会很遗憾的(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时光”。
If we look at love in other countries and cultures, we find many variations. In societies like India love is not necessarily a(n) women who non-Indians while living in Western countries often consent to arranged marriages. for parent’ wishes, family traditions, and duty to the kin group are more than love. Most middle- and upper-middle class women in India can marry they want. Many, however, prefer arranged marriages and have veto power over undesirable Arranged marriages are attractive because they offer more stability than love. According to one educated woman in Calcutta who has been happily married for three years to a man she had met just three times before their engagement, love isn’t for marital happiness:”I met a lot of people I liked, but no one was was looking for practicality also. Love is important, but it’s not
如果我们看一下爱其他国家和文化中，我们发现许多变化。在印度这样爱的社会不一定是婚姻的先决条件。即使是受过高等教育的印度男人和女人生活在西方国家，而迄今谁非印度人往往同意包办婚姻。尊重父母的意愿，家庭传统和义务的亲属组比爱情更重要。大多数中层和上层中产阶级的印度妇女可以娶他们想要的任何人。然而，很多人喜欢包办婚姻，并有否决权不受欢迎的候选人。包办婚姻是有吸引力的，因为它们提供了比爱情更稳定。据一位受过良好教育的女人在加尔各答谁一直愉快地结婚三年了一个人，她遇见了刚刚三次订婚前，爱情不是婚姻幸福必不可少的：“我遇到了很多人，我很喜欢，但没有一个是适合结婚，因为我一直在寻找的实用性也。爱情是很重要的，但它不是足够”
Unite 7
1.Apologies are in order/appropriate under the circumstances(合适，适宜) when Mr. Smith is mistaken for Mr. Jones.如果有人报史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就应该道歉。
2.Human nature is the basis of character, temperament(气质) and disposition/a particular type of character which makes someone likely to behave or react in a certain way(性情).人性是性格、气质和性情的基础。
3.It is only the surface that is capable of alteration(变化), improvement(改善) and refinement/improving something; making something better than it was before(进一步提升).只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升。
4.Man’s majesty(伟大的) and mobility(高尚的) are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded/to show something publicly(暴露/展示在公众面前) before our eyes.人们想当然的认为人类是伟大和崇高的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。
5.But the murderer(杀人犯), robber(抢劫犯) or wife beater separate or choose from a group, especially for special treatment or notice(挑出)because such conduct is unusual.但杀人犯，抢劫犯和殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点，因为这些行为非同寻常。
6.Every man unfolds a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.
7.He was made to advance;the power to do so distinguishes/to recognize and understand the
difference between two or more things or people.(区别/ 认识和理解两个或更多的事物或人之间的区别) him from the animal.他推测，有一种力量使人类和动物有不同。
distinguishes... from... ...和...不同，...和 ...有区别
8.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast/to shape(metal or other material)by pouring it into a mold while molten(塑造/金属或其他材料被倾注到模具中塑造) at the time of its individualization(个性).一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生的时候就已经形成了，而且不会改变。
9.One plunges into the surf/the mass or line of foam formed by waves breaking on a seashore or reef() and rescues a swimmer from drowning; another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety.
10.Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds/(something) opens out, develops(塑造) its inherent pattern(固有模式).人性不会也不能改变，它之展现它固有的模式。
1. So far as I’m concerned(在我看来), some other arrangement would have been satisfactory.
2. The management control process should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved accomplish(应该尽量评测既定目标是否已经达到).
3. Who’s that guy Ally has been engrossed in conversation with all night（整晚一直专注地和他交谈)？
4. It would be unwise to draw conclusions from the results of a single survey(仅凭一次调查结果就得出结论).
5. He had no friend nor acquaintances, (他既没有朋友，也没有熟人)nor did he make any.
6. Only then did she tell him about the attack(她才告诉他袭击的事).
7. Shelly, as we had seen(正如我们所见), had met her through his uncle.
8. It was only lately that he had a family himself(他自己才成家).
9. I am afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system(你谈到的这些问题是体制固有的).
10. He liked young people conscientious in their work(工作认真的年轻人).
11. The teacher deviated from her custom(与以往不同) and gave out no homework.
12. If you follow that course of action, it will be at the peril of your own life(冒着丧失自己生命的危险).
13. His life had taken on a new dimension(呈现出一片新面貌).
14. I’m perfectly capable of looking after myself(能够照顾我自己), thank you.
15. The furniture is made in much the same way as it was 200 years ago(和200年前几乎一样的式样).
16. The lifeboat was sent out to rescue the sailor from the sinking ship(拯救沉船上的海员).
17. Portugal participated in the war(葡萄牙参加了战争) by sending an army to France.
18. The difficulty is due to our ignorance(由于我们的无知造成的).
Unite 9
1.City officials have slowed the development by stalling/delaying(延期，停顿)(许可)for the area.城市官员通过拖延区域的建筑许可的减缓了发展速度。
2.Sales of the new drug have been stopped, pending/waiting for(直到...时为止) 进一步) research.新药的销售已经停止，等待进一步的考证。
3.We had a difficult time during the financial crisis, but 最终)things turned
out/became(变成，转变) all right.在金融危机期间我们经历了困难时间，但最终事情变好了。
4.The young emperor(皇帝) had at his disposal/under his control(在他的控制之下) a very powerful light infantry(步兵) army with experienced officers(军官) and very high morale(士气).这位年轻的皇帝曾掌控着一个非常强大的拥有经验丰富的军官和极高的士气的轻步兵部队。
5.He has been down on his luck/suffering from bad luck(穷困潦倒) lately, his company went bankrupt(破产)and his girlfriend broke up with him.近来他变得穷困潦倒，因为他的公司破产了并且他的女友和他分手了。
6.Predictions of a disastrous(灾难性的) slump/decline(下降，减少) in industry were proved unfounded by strong demand and continually increasing sales. 强劲的需求和不断增加的销售可以使行业中的灾难性衰退的预测不攻自破。
7.In the first five years of reform(改革), the country's GDP soared/increased(增长，激增) by almost 40%. 在第一个五年的改革以后，该国的国内生产总值增长了近40％。
8.He skimped/did without(吝啬)偿还) the money that he borrowed for his college education.他吝啬于偿还他为了上大学而借的钱。
9.When I was on the dole/welfare(福利，失业救济金), I got $5.50 per week from the government and spent $2.50 on rent.当我在领取失业救济金的时候，我每周从政府得到5.5英镑，并且用2.5英镑支付租金。 收件人)to be eligible for aid/able to get help (得到帮助) only one year,but some Democrats(民主党) wanted two years.威尔逊先生希望新的收件人只有资格获得一年援助，但一些民主党人希望可以得到2年。
Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories, is an is at least 60% more expensive in the north , by at least 20%. Since building materials and foodstuffs are from the south, the higher prices are primarily transportation costs. far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellowknife. To offset these high food and housing costs, are higher than those in southern Canada. In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are . Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post 加拿大北部，其中包括西北地区，就是住一个昂贵的地方。房价在加拿大北部比南部贵至少60％。食品价格也较高至少20％。由于建材和食品是从南方进口，这种高价格，主要是由于运输成本。远离耶洛奈夫的社区具有更高的成本，社区服务只能由飞机拥有最高的食品和住房费用。例如，食品空运运到偏远的社区，如萨克斯港的班克斯岛有80％以上的价格比他们在耶洛奈夫。为了抵消这些高食品和住房成本，工资比在加拿大南部高。此外，大多数人都居住在公共或职工住宅，其中租金补贴。政府雇员居住在偏远社区收到一个孤立的岗位津贴的支付，以帮助抵消生活成本较高。
篇二：研究生综合英语作文
1．Standard of Living Should not be Taken to be a Measure of Happiness
2．Internet information: valuable or problematic?
第一篇第二篇作文小结：
1 句子衔接与逻辑关系
A 句子之间没有句号或者连词，直接由逗号连接一整段。
B 衔接词使用不恰当，忽视衔接词所传递的句子之间的逻辑关系。
2 句法
A 谓语动词缺失， 主谓不一致，主语宾语形式不正确。
B 多为简单句。
3文章结构
A 开头和结尾的重要性。开头或者直接展开详细的论述，或者只有一句话；结尾也是不能很好的总结强化论点。
B 段落的划分有时比较随意，忽视段落间的逻辑衔接。
4 语言
口语化的语言和词汇要减少使用，应多用书面语。
第三篇
3．The Computer Age Has Revolutionized Mass Media
这次作文较前两次都好些，基本的错误比如说没有分段和标点的问题都很少。 1.表达的准确性和侧重点的把握。很多作文在论证中的表述容易变成侧重于网络所带来的变化，尤其是网络对信息的获取的变化，要加强中心句的提炼，简明扼要表达出大众媒体的变化。
Forst of all, with the Internet, it is convenient and fast for the reporter to get a variety of information and what they just need to press some buttons. What is more, the great utility of the Internet is the freedom of speaking, croos a nation and even around the world to chat with each other. Finally, editors can do almost everything through the Internet in the first time. Specifically, the features of mass media are fast and the truth. The computer can easily achieve this goal in a fast and convenient way.
2逻辑连词的准确使用，上下文的衔接。 arrive at a conclusion that the Internet is, unquestionably, beneficial to reform mass media in our work and daily life.
However, we should realize that the computer has much negative impact on the also can obtain the happiness of computer age.
2. We are already at the computer age. We can do almost everything in the computer. For example, we can look through the news, work for a job, play games, comment and so angle, the computer age has revolutionized mass media. （前后文的衔接）
3.基本结构不够严谨：
文章比例失衡，开头段内容详细，主体部分的论证反而单薄。
没有结尾总结概述全文观点。
4.语言。减少口语化表达：That is all
5.论证比较单一，就一方面观点展开很详细的论述。可以从更多角度论述。
with the development of computers and telephones, mass media are revolutionized so greatly that they appear in every corner of our lives. For example, more and more people are exchanging ideas through populist mass media, which contain Twitter, Wechat and QQ, etc. In the past, getting in touch with someone means writing letters, which probably costs a month even a year to receive for the person you are missing. By contrast, now we can send a message to tell her or him your feelings. Populist mass media improved by computers or telephones help us interact better with each other. Only by taking advantage of mass media can we do something efficiently we are interested in.
范文
The Computer Age Has Revolutionized Mass Media黄少龙(学号:16020141152169)
People cannot live without the mass media. From basic necessities to the political and economic, all people's lives are affected by the mass
media. Nevertheless, with the advent of the computer age, mass media have been revolutionized.
First at all, the forms of mass media become more diverse, such as
micro-blog, micro-channael came into being. These novel mass media are quickly sought after by people and even threaten some traditional media's existence. Secondly, the Internet makes information dissemination more rapid and timely. People can read the news happened in the morning immediately by touching a mouse, without waiting for tomorrow's newspaper. Thirdly,
Computer age expands the depth and breadth of information. When we are interested in certain things, we can not only obtain information about a decade ago, but also understand the different circumstances in different regions just spending a little time.
All in all, the computer age makes the mass media more colorful, more rapidly and more effectively. However, traditional media such as newspaper and magazines face greater pressure to survive at the same time.
Improved based on the above composition
The influence of mass media on individual life is so ubiquitous that one can not keep up with his surroundings without them. Moreover, mass media have been revolutionized to strengthen their impact in the computer age.
The most obvious change of mass media in the computer age is that the forms of mass media become more diverse. Original forms such as micro-blog and Wechat
come into being, which are accepted within a short time and become popular. While they pose a threat to the traditional mass media such as newspaper and television, they at the same time promote the latter’s reform and optimization. What is more, the internet enhances the speed and geographic scope of the transmission of news. People are accessible to the news in the world soon after it happens. The days when people have to wait for tomorrow’s media report in order to know today’s news are gone.All in all, mass media have gone through a revolutionized transformation in the computer age. With the help of internet, they become more colorful, more rapid and more effective.
篇三：研究生综合英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Suggested Translation
自由落体
司各特·成克利
[1] 直到动身的那一天, 我才感到告别和真正离家对我所产生的影响，这使我比闹钟预定的时间提前一小时醒来。那时,我那金色的爱犬米西最后一次用力地舔了我一下表示问候,以前她那么做时, 我厌烦得要命,不过那天,我张开双臂把她搂在怀里,深情地慢慢抚摸着她,此时她那悲伤的眼神与我四目相对,她那绸缎般的皮毛摸上去比平常更加柔滑。当然直到告别那天,我才注意到爱犬的这些特点, 这令我更加难舍难离。
［2］ 一整天都是这样: 我突然感到自己将会怀念许多人和事,我变得多愁善感起来,因为要与那些我早已习以为常的人说再见——那些常到我工作的饭馆里的顾客,那些我好像从来都找不到时间和他们说话的人。我不得不离开我所有的朋友,还有我总想“某天去认识”的同学。最重要的是,我将被迫与生我养我的人分别。
［3］ 突然间,我那些渴望独立和自由的豪言壮语变成了可怕的现实。我曾经说过我了不起,就要上一所名校,现在我开始感到了这些大话的压力。没什么了不起。我曾经那么急不可待地盼望这一天的到来, 而现在,这一天终于到来了，我却感到自己好像并不想走了,我想那可能是因为我要到一所离家有６小时车程的大学去上学的缘故。
［４］事实上，在我决定离家的时候, 我所有的个人问题仿佛都烟消云散了，我才不在乎呢，反正我要走了。我要向每个人表明我想走——而且，上帝作证，我整装待发。然而，这一天到来了，我不知道自己真正做好了出发的准备。
[5] 老爸和继母要送我去学校，不过，我要首先和妈妈告别。谁都知道离婚不是件容易的事。那天早上我和妈妈一起吃了饭，她当时立刻就谈起我过去的一些经历来,还谈到了她第一年离家上大学的一些事情,比如零乱的宿舍、腼腆的室友、一些艺术史课。她说得那么详细,那么热情,以至于我清楚地感到大学生活会给人留下多么深刻的印象。后来,我们又谈到了我到学校后可能会发生的事情——与我同住一层的家伙会是什么样,我多么希望教室不会在校园的另 一侧,我是否会因为自助食品而发胖。
[6] 她略停片刻,然后逗趣道；“食品不会令你发胖,啤酒会。”
[７] 我会心地笑了。妈妈心情不错,没有忧伤,这令我舒了口气。老天似乎在开玩笑,天空阳光灿烂,白云如锦。不知为什么,我期望天空会灰蒙蒙的,阴沉沉的。谈话时,我意识到不久就要开始那漫长而又艰难的独立路程。我曾自私地把家的安全看作是理所当然,这终将成为一种回忆。家将不再是家,而是伊利诺依州的卡本戴尔市口。
[8] 当服务员把账单拿来的时候,妈妈的情绪发生了明显的改变。她变得沉默不语,甚至有点忧伤。我想对她来说那象征着我们最后一次聚餐的结束,至少下次再在一起吃饭得很久以后了。她忧郁地看看餐桌,现在想起来,我知道那天对她来说是多么重要。作为母亲, 她肯定是从1970年11月30日开始就在期盼那一天的到来,她的内心肯定经历了一番激烈的思想斗争。
[9] 她陪我走到我的车前,当时我的心中很不是滋味。我使劲地眨着眼睛，想使它们湿润,夏日的微风却把它们吹干了。
[10]“哦,我该走了”, 我嘟哝着，眼睛看着远方。我不能相信自己竟然没有勇气看着她的眼睛说出这句话。
[l1]“我知道”, 她回答时脸上露出一丝勉强的笑容,随后打趣说 “现在改变主意还来得及。”她在开玩笑,但我听得出来,她话中也有些认真。我说我不能,于是,她的笑容立刻消失了。
[12]“我会想你的”,她接着说。
[13] “看你说的,好像你再也见不到我似的。”
[14]“你可以打电话??当然,是对方付费。”
［15］ 我笑了。想到从此自己将支付一切费用不禁心颤,觉得有
点怪怪的。
［16］“别太担心了, 妈。”
［17］“我会想你的。” 她把我拉过去,紧紧地拥抱了我。我安慰她说会尽早回家，给她惊喜。她说她爱我。
［1８］“我??也爱你。”这句话让我难以启齿。一直以来我总是认为自己是一个意志坚强、性格倔强的人。但在当时,我却意志脆弱、浑身发抖。我简直不能相信以前对自己竟有那样的看法。
[19] 我们终于分开了,我慢慢地钻进我那辆灰色的马克希玛轿车。她没有哭,不过,谁知道当我拐过街角时会怎样,但我并不想知道。
[20] 那时,我就像一个跳伞员正准备第一次跳伞,舱门打开了, 要跳的距离高不见底,谁知道这一跳是令人兴奋陶醉,还是粉身碎骨。天真无知曾经掩盖了恐惧,突然间面对现实,天真消失了。当然, 此时此刻,再回头已经不可能。一想到那是自己的主张,就感到有些荒诞,觉得自己仿佛是地球上唯一的人。于是, 闭上双眼,深深地吸了口气,纵身跳了下去。
Text B You Are What You Think
你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人
如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观
——你就可以改变自己的生活
卡勒普·撒弗兰
[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[2] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104 个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A· 安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”
[3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[4] 以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P· 塞利格曼与同事彼得· 舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37% 的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。
[5] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100 名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。
[6] 他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。
[7] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。”乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。”
[8] 无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：“如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”
[9] 据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。
[10] 乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。
[11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的好学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。
[12] 许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗· 彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。
[13] 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“ 母亲膝下” 就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“ 不许” 及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。
[14] 随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。
[15] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔· 德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“ 我准是很笨”变成“ 我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。
[16] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。
[17] 因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范
德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫· 霍朗指出的方法：
[18] 一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。
[19] 二、然后，来做一个试验。做一件同任何消极反应相反的事。比如说，你工作中出了问题。你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作，可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了? 这时你应该采取行动，就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外寄发个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路。
[20] 三、继续关注事情的发展。你最初的想法是对还是错? 霍朗说：“ 如果你的想法使你裹足不前，那就改变这些想法。这是一种试错法，不能确保成功，但应给你自己一个机会。”
[21] 积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应。有证据表明，你对世界抱有什么样的希望，你就很可能得到什么样的结果。
Unit 2 Text A competition is Destructive
竞争贻害无穷
阿尔菲·克思
[1] 我是在一次生日聚会上学会了我的第一个游戏。你也记得:x 位游戏参加者每次在音乐停止的刹那间争抢着坐上X-１把椅子,每一轮都有一个孩子被淘汰,直到最后,只有一位胜出,坐在椅子上洋洋自得,而其他被淘汰的游戏者则站立一旁,悻悻然??成为失败者。
[2] 这就是我们在美国学会的开心妙法
［3］ 几年前我写了一本名叫《取消竞争》的书,通过对几百项研究结果的分析，认为竟争伤害自尊、毒害友谊,而且令人裹足不前。那时我主要是对工作场所和教室里这种竞争机制颇感兴趣，但却发现自己常常为如下问题所困扰：如果竞争在日常工作中如此具有破坏性, 而且无助于实现既定目标，为什么在周末它会突然变得毫无害处,甚至颇受欢迎,而人们却认为这一切都是理所当然?
[4] 这是一个使运动员和父母感到特别困扰的问题。毕竟,我们大都认为竞技运动教给我们各种有益的经验,而且顾名思义,比赛必须决出胜负。但是，我们开始相信最好的娱乐并不要求人们试图超越他人。事实恰恰相反。
[5] 渥太华大学运动心理学家特里·奥里克看了音乐椅游戏后，提议我们保留游戏中搬走椅子的基本方法,但要改变游戏目标,最重要的是使每个人都能坐在逐渐减少的椅子上,游戏结束时,一群嘻嘻哈哈的孩子绞尽脑汁想如挤作在剩下的那把椅子上。如此,每个游戏者都自始至终参与其中,每个人都心情舒畅。
[6]奥里克和其他人一起设计和收集了数百个这样的老少皆宜的游戏，其根本原理简单明了:尽管所有的游戏都要克服某个障碍以实现
某个目标,但并没有规定那个障碍一定是某个人。游戏的设计理念是使场上的每个人都做出应有的贡献,共同实现目标,或使所有的游戏者共同获得一定的分数,或使每个人与其伙伴一起在规定的时间内达到目标。
《研究生综合英语1》出自：百味书屋
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