篇一：建筑信息模型应用现状及发展研究
毕业设计（论文）
毕业设计（论文）题目：
建筑信息模型应用现状及发展研究
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目录
内容摘要 ............................................................................................... 2
关键词 ................................................................................................... 2
1、BIM的几大概念及相互关系 .......................................................... 2
1.1 BIM（Building Information Modeling） ................................................................ 2
2、3D参数化设计 ................................................................................ 2
3、协同设计与协同作业 ..................................................................... 3
4、BIM现状与未来发展 ...................................................................... 3
5、行业现状 ......................................................................................... 4
6、软硬件技术现状 ............................................................................. 4
7、影响BIM在设计阶段推广应用的主要因素 ................................ 4
8、BIM在设计阶段的价值 .................................................................. 5
9、BIM项目类型及介入点 .................................................................. 7
10、实施BIM的不同设计阶段 ........................................................... 7
11、BIM实施模式 ................................................................................ 9
12、协同设计 ....................................................................................... 9
12.1、2D协同设计 ........................................................................................................... 9
12.2、3D协同设计 ........................................................................................................... 9
13、协同作业 ..................................................................................... 10
14、BIM服务商 .................................................................................. 10
15、结语 ............................................................................................. 10
内容摘要
从BIM服务商的角度，结合多年从事技术支持的经验，从BIM概念、BIM现状与发展、BIM在建筑设计阶段的应用、协同设计与协同作业、服务等几个方面简要阐述BIM在设计院的推广和发展前景。
关键词
BIM 3D参数化设计 协同设计 协同作业 服务商
1、BIM的几大概念及相互关系
1.1 BIM（Building Information Modeling）
BIM不是一个软件，它是一个概念（或理念），是一个可以提升工程建设行业全产业链各个环节质量和效率的系统工程。BIM的全称是Building Information Modeling，中文意思为“建筑信息模型化”（扩展为“工程项目信息模型化”），是在建筑（或工程项目）从策划、设计、施工、运营直到拆除的全生命周 期内生产和管理工程数据的过程。
BIM的载体：是以三维数字技术为基础，集成了建筑工程项目各种相关信息的工程数据模型，该模型可以为设计和施工提供相协调的、内部保持一致的、并可进行运算分析的信息。该模型及其集成的信息是随着项目的进程不断丰富和完善的，与项目相关各方可以从该模型中提取其需要的信息。这个丰富和完善的过程即为模型化（Modeling）。
2、3d参数化设计
BIM是一个全产业链的概念，对应到建筑设计阶段，准确的称呼应该为“3D参数化设计”。3D参数化设计是BIM在建筑设计阶段的应用，日常工作中简称或泛称为BIM。
3D参数化设计是有别于传统AutoCAD等二维设计方法的一种全新的设计方法，是一种可以使用各种工程参数来创建、驱动三维建筑模型，并可以利用 三维建筑模型进行建筑性能等各种分析与模拟的设计方法。它是实现BIM、提升项目设计质量和效率的重要技术保障。3D
参数化设计的特点为：
全新的专业化三 维设计工具、实时的三维可视化、更先进的协同设计模式、由模型自动创建施工 详图底图及明细表、一处修改处处更新、配套的分析及模拟设计工具等。3D参数化设计的重点在于建筑设计，而传统的三维效果图与动画仅是3D参数化设计中用于可视化设计（项目展示）的一个很小的附属环节。
3、协同设计与协同作业
讲BIM一定要讲到“协同”，它是BIM实现提升工程建设行业全产业链各个环节质量和效率终极目标的重要保障工具和手段。协同分为协同设计和协同作业。协同设计是针对设计院专业内、专业。
间进行数据和文件交互、沟通交流等的协同工作。协同作业是针对项目业主、设计方、施工方、监理方、材料供应商、运营商等与项目相关各方，进行文件交互、沟通交流等的协同工作，见图1。设计师常说的协同更多地是指协同设计（详见第13、14节）。
通过以上分析可以看到：在建筑设计阶段的BIM是“狭义的BIM”（3D参数化设计），而广义的BIM是涵盖建筑（或工程项目）全生命周期，事关全产业链各个环节质量和效率的顾问咨询服务。
4、BIM现状与未来发展
随着现代科技的发展，3D与网络信息技术深入影响并决定着大众的生活：影视传媒、移动通讯、互联网、物联网。对工程建设行业和建筑设计而言，影响行业未来 发展的则是BIM。从2003年3D参数化建筑设计技术进入中国至今已有8年。随着BIM技术的逐步成熟，其最终也被行业所接受。在过去及未来的发展过程 中，BIM的发展轨迹如下：少数技术发烧友的热衷 → 企业决策层从企业发展角度逐步认同 → 行业逐步认同并开始建立相关标准 → 开始进入工程项目的业务流程。
5、行业现状
（1）业主：越来越多的国内外业主（外资投资方、工厂及公用建筑类业主）提出明确的BIM要求，甚至明确提出需要的3D文件格式。项目准入门槛提高。
（2）设计方：具有总包资质的工业设计院、大型民建设计院因为市场竞争等需要，先后在3D设计方面进行了局部成功应用（特别是2008年奥运项目的 应用），促进了整个设计领域的技术进步。BIM将成为继上世纪90年代“甩图板”工程以来的第二次技术革命，由此设计行业将从过去的“计算机辅助绘图”进 入真正的“计算机辅助设计”（这恰恰是“CAD”的真正含义）时代。
（3）施工方：国内几大建设集团公司都开始或已经创建自己的BIM团队，在土建、机电安装等方面尝试3D深化设计、施工模拟，协助施工管理。下游企业的技术进步将给设计方带来更多的技术进步压力。
（4）运营方：目前暂时无明确需求。2008年北京奥运会的《奥运村空间规划及物资管理信息系统》是国内唯一一个做到运营层面的BIM项目1。
（5）国家BIM标准初具雏形，但离实际应用还有很大距离。目前有实力的行业各方都在自行摸索，已经形成局部BIM成果。各方均已经意识到BIM对整个产业链、整个行业的价值。
6、软硬件技术现状
从技术角度来讲，支撑BIM实施的软件、硬件技术都已基本到位。如Autodesk公司已经形成了从设计、分析到模拟全套的BIM系列工具软 件：Revit Architecture、Revit Structure、Revit MEP、AutoCAD Civil 3D、AutoCAD Plant 3D、Robot Structural Analysis、Ecotect Analysis、Navisworks等。在此基础上，辅以设计师常用的SketchUp、Rhino，以及高端的Grasshopper、 Catia、Digital Project等设计工具和算法编辑器，以及IES（Integrated Environmental Solutions）分析工具，将满足现代各种建筑创意的设计需求。同时64位的计算机硬件与操作系统则给上述设计工具的稳定运行提供了硬件保障。
7、影响BIM在设计阶段推广应用的主要因素
上有业主的需求，下有施工方的技术进步，后有软硬件的支持，加上设计企业提升自身综合竞争能力和企业未来发展的需求，BIM在设计阶段的应用已经势在必行。但在实际实施中，BIM的推广应用还存在很多阻碍因素需要各位主管领导认识清楚：
（1）外部变革动力与压力不够：业主需求不多，国家标准不完善等。
（2）企业发展成本与风险：设计工具、协同模式的变更所带来的软硬件成本、培训成本、新技术积累与现有设计成果的转化成本、变革的风险等。
（3）现有业务压力：现有业务多、时间紧、压力大，导致设计企业高层领导积极、中层领导反对、设计师没有学习新技术的时间和精力。
（4）个人变革动力与压力不够：3D参数化设计对设计习惯、协同设计模式等的改变，新工具的学习时间成本、变革的风险，单位技术进步的激励措施能否到位等，都将影响BIM的进一步推广。
篇二：BIM建筑信息模型概述及在中国使用情况
BIM建筑信息模型概述及在中国使用情况
班级：测绘工程1521班
姓名：鲁亚南
学号：2015218525129
目录
1.1 建筑信息模型BIM的概述 ..................................... - 2 -
1.2 BIM给我们带来的好处.................................... - 3 -
1.2.1具体而言，BIM 的应用具有以下价值。 ................. - 3 -
1.3 关于BIM的案例 ......................................... - 5 -
2.1 建筑节能设计的现状 ...................................... - 7 -
第三章 BIM在我国的发展 ........................................ - 9 -
3.1 协同设计与BIM技术的融合 ............................... - 10 -
3.2 从二维设计到三维BIM设计 .............................. - 11 -
3.3 影响3D BIM普及的主要因素 .............................. - 13 -
第四章 BIM在我们国家的状况 ................................... - 16 -
4.1 中国BIM软件现状 ....................................... - 16 -
4.2 BIM软件中国战略目标探讨 .............................. - 18 -
4.2.1 BIM软件为整个工程建设行业产生最大价值的角度 ..... - 18 -
4.2.2 BIM软件本身这个市场的影响力和占有率角度 ......... - 18 -
4.3 BIM软件中国战略行动路线探讨 .......................... - 20 - 小结 .......................................................... - 21 -
1.1 建筑信息模型BIM的概述
BIM的全拼是Building Information Modeling，即:建筑信息模型。BIM 是以三维数字技术为基础，集成了建筑工程项目各种相关信息的工程数据模型，BIM 是对工程项目设施实体与功能特性的数字化表达。一个完善的信息模型，能够连接建筑项目生命期不同阶段的数据、过程和资源，是对工程对象的完整描述，可被建设项目各参与方普遍使用。BIM 具有单一工程数据源，可解决分布式、异构工程数据之间的一致性和全局共享问题，支持建设项目生命期中动态的工程信息创建、管理和共享。建筑信息模型同时又是一种应用于设计、建造、管理的数字化方法，这种方法支持建筑工程的集成管理环境，可以使建筑工程在其整个进程中显著提高效率和大量减少风险。
BIM 一般具有以下特征：
模型信息的完备性：除了对工程对象进行3D 几何信息和拓扑关系的描述，还包括完整的工程信息描述，如对象名称、结构类型、建筑材料、工程性能等
设计信息；施工工序、进度、成本、质量以及人力、机械、材料资源等施工信息；工程安全性能、材料耐久性能等维护信息；对象之间的工程逻辑关系等。
模型信息的关联性：信息模型中的对象是可识别且相互关联的，系统能够对模型的信息进行统计和分析，并生成相应的图形和文档。如果模型中的某个对象发生变化，与之关联的所有对象都会随之更新，以保持模型的完整性和健壮性。
模型信息的一致性：在建筑生命期的不同阶段模型信息是一致的，同一信息无需重复输入，而且信息模型能够自动演化，模型对象在不同阶段可以简单地进行修改和扩展而无需重新创建，避免了信息不一致的错误。
1.2 BIM给我们带来的好处
其实，它是引领建筑业信息技术走向更高层次的一种新技术，它的全面应用，将为建筑业界的科技进步产生无可估量的影响，大大提高建筑工程的集成化程度。同时，也为建筑业的发展带来巨大的效益，使设计乃至整个工程的质量和效率显著提高，成本降低。
1.2.1具体而言，BIM 的应用具有以下价值。
1、解决当前建筑领域信息化的瓶颈问题
建立单一工程数据源。工程项目各参与方使用的是单一信息源，确保信息的准确性和一致性。实现项目各参与方之间的信息交流和共享。从根本上解决项目各参与方基于纸介质方式进行信息交流形成的“信息断层”和应用系统之间“信息孤岛”问题。
推动现代CAD 技术的应用。全面支持数字化的、采用不同设计方法的工程设计，尽可能采用自动化设计技术，实现设计的集成化、网络化和智能化。
促进建筑生命期管理，实现建筑生命期各阶段的工程性能、质量、安全、进度和成本的集成化管理，对建设项目生命期总成本、能源消耗、环境影响等进行分析、预测和控制。
2、基于BIM 的工程设计
实现三维设计。能够根据3D 模型自动生成各种图形和文档，而且始终与模型逻辑相关，当模型发生变化时，与之关联的图形和文档将自动更新；设计过程中所创建的对象存在着内建的逻辑关联关系，当某个对象发生变化时，与之关联的对象随之变化。
实现不同专业设计之间的信息共享。各专业CAD 系统可从信息模型中获取所需的设计参数和相关信息，不需要重复录入数据，避免数据冗余、歧义和错误。 实现各专业之间的协同设计。某个专业设计的对象被修改，其他专业设计中的该对象会随之更新。
实现虚拟设计和智能设计。实现设计碰撞检测、能耗分析、成本预测等。
3、基于BIM 的施工及管理
实现集成项目交付IPD（Integrated Project Delivery ）管理。把项目主要参与方在设计阶段就集合在一起，着眼于项目的全生命期，利用BIM 技术进行虚拟设计、建造、维护及管理。
实现动态、集成和可视化的4D 施工管理。将建筑物及施工现场3D 模型与施工进度相链接，并与施工资源和场地布置信息集成一体，建立4D 施工信息模型。实现建设项目施工阶段工程进度、人力、材料、设备、成本和场地布置的动态集成管理及施工过程的可视化模拟。
实现项目各参与方协同工作。项目各参与方信息共享，基于网络实现文档、图档和视档的提交、审核、审批及利用。项目各参与方通过网络协同工作，进行工程洽商、协调，实现施工质量、安全、成本和进度的管理和监控。
篇三：建筑信息模型BIM论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
外文文献：
Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractors through BIM
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes. Design/methodology/approach – Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated.
Findings – One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R). Furthermore, it is also found that the implementation of BIM in hospital building projects is still limited due to certain commercial and legal barriers, as well as the fact that integrated collaboration has not yet been embedded in the
real estate strategies of healthcare institutions.
Originality/value – This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application in hospital building projects. Keywords Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planning
Paper type General review
1. Introduction
Hospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.
The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user?s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is
among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different set of skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored (Dawood and Sikka, 2008). There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.
Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and to develop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.
This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.
2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approaches
A hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of
Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively, allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to manage and finance their building projects and real estate. The government?s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.
The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.
In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Health to obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client. Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world (van Reedt Dortland, 2009).
The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties
involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction ( Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2007). The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.
The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client?s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures (Sebastian et al., 2009).
A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client?s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect?s responsibility is translating client?s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor?s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.
The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium.
A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the
《国内外建筑信息模型BIM理论与实践研究综述》出自：百味书屋
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