篇一：美国教育体系介绍
美国教育体系介绍
美国教育环境介绍
(一)美国教育制度
▲公私立教育体系
美国学校分为公立、私立两类，公立学校系统规模庞大，是因为背后有美国政府资助，所以美 国九成的学生大多在公立教育系统内就读。联邦政府也设有教育部，不过功能不同于我国的教 育部，美国教育部是教育政策研究&咨询的机构，负责制定教育政策，但不参与执行工作，也 不监管地方学校，也因此对国家的教育素质、教育问题研究、通过教育法案...等都起很大的 作用。美国教育都由各州州政府去做规划、制定，联邦政府并不具备监管约束的权力，『公立 学校』受到州政府&联邦政府的拨款，也因此受到各州州政府的监管，并遵守各州议会制定的 有关教育的法律。『私立学校』基本上不受任何政府的监管，不过对学校政策有影响力的是家 长和教师联合会PTA(Parent and Teacher Association)，以及较具有专业性质的一般坊间教 育机构。
▲美国教育体制
美国的6~18岁是属于中小学义务教育的部份。教育大概分为四个阶段，分别是学前教育、小学 、中学及高等教育。在高中毕业前是属于通才教育，到高等教育(学院、大学和研究所)才分职 业教育和一般教育。美国学制没有学力测验、大学联考，学生凭着在校成绩及SAT/ACT分数， 自行申请大学入学。
和许多国家不同的是，美国没有国立大学这种名称，义务教育由州政府来承担。且在义务教育 的部份，只要你是合法居留人(Green Card)，就有受义务教育的权利，且在美国受义务教育都 是免费的，不必缴交学杂费、课本。美国所有的中小学都为学生提供免费的课本，多数的课本 都是上届学生传给下届学生，一直到不能用为止。此外，还有些学校练习本、作业本也不用买 ，而是由学校发的。不过，学生就要自己买铅笔、橡皮擦、计算器...等等，可是这样相较之 下，真的省了很多钱呢！
高等教育则分州立和私立。『州立』大学─州民可以享受较低的学费，外州学生&国际学生学 费较高。『私立』大学─则不分州民或外地生，学费都是一样的。此外，美国大学生在入学后 前两年，就如大一、大二时修读通识课程，到大三才会决定主修课程。另外，攻读医科、法律 等专业课程要等大学念完毕业后，考到相关考试，才可申请。
(二)美国教育体制阶段介绍
▲初级教育(Primary School)-~11岁
美国初级教育，包含了托儿所&幼儿园(4~5岁)和小学(6~11岁)，跟台湾一样小学不同的是他们 幼儿园部分就会算是小学。
学龄前儿童没有强制性的托儿所，不过有政府补助方案来资助低收入家庭的儿童，所以大部分 家庭需要自己付费托儿所的费用。
美国小学一般指学前一年~五年级(幼儿园小学)，但有一部份小学提供教育到六年级，或是合 并中学教育到八年级。大部分都是采取班级制度，有班导师制度，这位老师负责带一个班大部 分主要课程，学生除了午餐时间，或是上体育、音乐、美术课可能到体育馆或特别教室上课以 外，整天留在导师的教室内，并没有如东亚学校的固定的下课时间，但是在教室里导师可以给 给学生自由时间，有些教师会以自由时间的拥有或剥夺做为学生行为的奖惩。另外在约百分之 四十的小学里，每天会有一或二次，每次十分钟或到二十分钟的户外活动时间，户外活动时间 次数与时间长短，每个学校不一定相同。
▲中学教育(Secondary School)-12~18岁
中学教育，包含2年的初中(12~14岁)和4年的高中(15~18岁)，从9年级~12年级，学生年龄通常 在14/15到17/18岁间。顺利完成12年级的学业，就可以拿到高中文凭了~
此外，未获得高中文凭的学生可以参加一般教育发展 (GED) 测试，获得证明其高中水平学业 能力的证书。
▲大学教育(College and University)-19~22岁
大学教育，通常分为四年制大学和小区大学。四年制大学四年念完后将可以拿到"学士"学位， 而小区大学通常是念两年读完后可以拿到"副学士"学位。
▲研究所教育(Graduate School)-22岁/23岁以后
硕士学位、博士学位和专业学位，课程包含了硕士课程、硕士后高等教育课程、研究型学位和 专业型学位(如医学、法学..等)。硕士学位大约是1~2年的修业期间，至于其它可能就不一定 ，要看各个学校和科系所订定
☆美国教育体制表★
大学之后教育一般称为高等教育(Higher Education)，也因此美国大学种类很多，有二年制、 四年制学院(Junior College/Community College or Liberal Arts College)、四年制大学 (Commprehensive University)&研究所(Graduate School)。
▲学院及专业学院
学院(College)有二年制学院和四年制学院，比起四年制大学(Comprehensive University)， 学院规模要小多了~学院大多是私立学校，虽然规模并不如四年制大学，不过有些学院可是很
有名气的。
专业学院(Special Schools)是规模较小的学院，大部分是提供学士学位，有些也有硕士班。 此性质多属于文理相关学院，也有与培养工程、商业管理、设计&艺术相关专业人才的学校。 这种专业学院学生人数更少，师资上也会较专精，且注重对
学生辅导，也因此有时候这些专业
学院的入学条件反而会更高。EX：LA东郊-克莱蒙有6间小而巧的学院─哈维默德学院(工程闻 名)、波莫纳学院(人文)、克莱蒙麦肯纳学院(管理)。纽约─茱莉亚音乐学院。麻州─威廉斯 学院、安赫斯特学院。
▲二年制小区学院
二年制学院，在现在的美国大学教育里，约有40%、超过一千万的学生就读二年制学院。有很 多美国高中毕业生都会选择先进二年制学院，完成头两年的大学基础课程，再转到四年制大学 完成学业，这种方式称为"2 2"系统。除了转学课程外，二年制学院还可以提供技能训练，让 学生一毕业身上也会拥有一技之长，能够立即投入就业市场。若是二年读完拿到的是"副学士" 学位。
二年制小区学院，也因为学费较为低廉，有些距离家里较近，也因此在这学费逐年高涨的时候 ，很多高中毕业生都会选择此类学校。完成大一、大二课程后，大多小区学院也会跟四年制大 学签约，保证让学生转学继续念完大学，取得学士学位。就算是拿到副学士后，就投入就业市 场，也不太需要担心自身必没有一技之长。
● 小区学院对国际学生的优势：
入学标准较低，若是英文程度、学业成绩在较为普通之下申请小区学院会较为容易些，且小区 学院人数较少、对国际学生的照顾上会比较容易照顾到，国际学生在小区学院初接触美国式学 习、适应美国文化上较容易适应，且加上小区学院的费用会较为便宜。当你在小区学院努力学 习，在这个环境中得到优秀的成绩，也会较有机会申请进入美国的一流大学。
● 副学士学位：
副学士学位课程可以说是衔接课程，等同于学士学位的前两年课程；也可以是终极课程，帮助 学生为从事某项职业做好准备，使学生习得一技之长。
篇二：美国与中国教育制度对比
The comparison about the education system between American and China The comprehensive capability of a nation comes from its economic power; the economic power improves with the development of the science and technology which derive from the intellectuals who have accepted good education. So if a nation wants to be strong, its education must be developed.
However, varied kinds of education system are found in different nation. As a result, the levels of the development of economy range at different degrees. Among the nations of the world, let us make a comparison about the education system between American and China.
Generally speaking, there are many differences along with some similarities. Sense of Education
It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that, through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill, attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength.
In fact this sense of education is prevailing not only in America, but also in China, even we can say all the nations in the world are managing to achieve this goal. Duration of Classes
In America today, the students attend classes for an average of five hours a day, five days a week, filling the classrooms from kindergarten to the 12th grade.
While in China, according to my own experience, the students often attend classes for an average of eight hours a day, nearly six days a week, filling the classrooms from pre-school education to high school, except the university and college when we are the same with the American students. We spend four years on university or college.
These students are part of one of the ambitious undertakings in the history of education for the American make efforts to educate an entire national population. The
goal is and has been since the early decades of the public—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public.
The public schools and the private schools
In America, there are mainly two categories of schools---the public schools and the private schools. It is said that there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones. About 90percent of American students attend public schools, the other 10 percent attend private schools, for which their families choose to play special attendance fees. Four out of five private schools in the United States are run by churches, synagogues or other religious groups.
In China, there are public schools and private schools, too. Maybe the private ones are more than the public ones, but students prefer public ones to private ones, especially when they are applying for universities or colleges.
Funds of education
The combined expenses of both education systems, public and private, exceed $190 000million a year. From that point of view, American education is a powerful consumer.
In China, similar to America, both public and private schools depend on three sources of income: student tuition, endowments, (gifts made by wealthy benefactors) and government funding.
In America, education is a local matter, which means that the education is dominated by the local government. All states require young people to attend school. Thus, every child in America is guaranteed up to 13years of education. This is true regardless of a child’s race, religion, and sex, learning problems, physical handicap or inability to speak English. Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. Americans have a strong tendency to education to educate their children about major public concerns----problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs.
The political system in two nations is different, so are the relationships between
the local government and the central government. So in China, the education is a county’s matter except for those private schools.
The Education System in the United States
Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, all the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped. The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools. Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.
The Education System in China
In China, the education system is composed of four components. Basic education, occupational/polytechnic education, is common higher education and adult education.
(1). Basic Education---Basic education comprises of pre-school education, primary (6 years) and junior (3 years) and senior (3 years) middle schooling. (2). Medium-level Occupational and Polytechnic Education----It is mainly composed of medium-level professional schools, polytechnic schools, occupational middle schools as well as short-term occupational and technical training programs of various forms.(3).Common Higher Education---Common higher education comprises of junior college, bachelor, and master and doctoral degree programs. Junior college program usually last 2~3 years; bachelor program 4 years (medical and some engineering and technical programs, 5 years); master program 2~3 years; doctoral program 3 years.(4). Adult Education----Adult education comprises of schooling education, anti-illiteracy education and other programs oriented to adult groups. Subjects taught in American schools
Certain subjects are taught in all K to 12 systems across the country. Almost every elementary school provides instructions in these subjects; mathematics; language arts; penmanship; science; social studies; music; art; and physical education. In many elementary schools, courses in the use of computers have been introduced. And in some cases, a second language (other than English) is offered in the upper elementary grades. Most secondary schools offer the same “core” of required subjects: English, mathematics, science, social studies and physical education. But school
boards differ greatly from one district to another in the amount of class time they want high school students to spend on these basic subjects. In some high schools, for example, students must complete three years of mathematics before graduation. The national average is lowermost.
Conditions for education
Most often, these schools were in one-room buildings, with one teacher for all the students who could attend，which is just the same as in China. The teacher, who was hired by a committee of the citizens, had to teach what the local community expected. And so the future was decided; education in the United States was to remain in the hands of state and local governments. Thus it proves that in America, education is a local matter.
The United States does not have a national school system, but each of the 50 states operates its universities, and so do some large city governments.
The black in America have suffered great discrimination and prejudice for a long time, they are segregated into separate schools, and they have no access to what the white can have. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that the practice of segregating the black into separate schools was unconstitutional.
By 1945, the United States was a nuclear power, a member of the United Nations, and a competitor with the Soviet Union for world influence. During this period of time, the US has attained great achievements in science and technology, for example, discoveries by scientists opened new secrets of the stars and of the atom...
A new method of education
By then, a new method of learning came into being schools. Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning, focus on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular. The federal government began to spend millions for the development of news science curricular and for training teachers to use them. I think this is the crucial place where the disparity of their education lies. In China, students are often trying hard to memorize facts, while the ability to solve the practical problems is rather weak. To conclude, that’s the reason why there are so
many scientists in America.
Standards and knowledge for entering a college
Successful applicants at better colleges are usually chosen on the basis of: (1) their high school records; (2) recommendations form their high school teachers; (3) the impression they make during interviews at the university; and (4) their scores on the SATs (Scholastic Aptitude Tests).
When students in China are applying for colleges, there have been mostly different standards for students. In most parts of China, successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of their scores on the college entrance examination.
The system of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of constitutions; (1) the university, including several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s degree and one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree. (2) The four-year undergraduate institution---the college---most of which are not part of a university ;( 3) the technical training institution ;( 4) the two—year, or community college. Any of the institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. When choosing a college or university, the students need to know many things about the school. Such as the curricular the university opens, the degrees it offers. In China, all these are also what a Chinese student should consider.
Similar to China, the university in American uses the “credits” system. An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of “credits” (about 120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four` tears of college. Credits are earned by attending lectures and by successfully completing assignments and examinations.
During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a trend away from the traditional liberal arts. Instead, students were choosing major fields that would prepare them for specific jobs. But some observers believe this trend toward pre-professionalism may be ending and that students are switching back to traditional areas of study. Recently many facts show that this new popularity of liberal arts is a return to the early traditions of
篇三：美国的教育制度如何和中国的相比有哪些优缺点
看到这个标题，很多中国人会说，不用比了，美国的教育制度一定更好。笔者看来实际情况并不完全是这样的。 一个流传很广的真实故事说：上个世纪八十年代，中国改革开放的初期。，因为美国人发现在世界中学生数理化竞赛上，中国的中学选手通常都能进入前三名，经常的是前三名中有两名甚至更多的中国学生。为弄清原因。一个美国教育代表团就到中国来考察中国的中小学教育。考察团的结论十分惊人。专家几乎一致认为，中国的中小学教育水平，特别是中国学生的数理化等科目的水平远远超过美国同学。比如中国高一同学的数学水平通常能达到美国高三同学的水平。中国的中小学生的学习时间远多于美国同学，课外作业，练习的数量和质量也都远远超过美国学生。考察团忧心忡忡的报告说，如果这个趋势得不到改变，二十年后美国的科技大国的领先地位就要让给中国了。
几乎同一个时间，中国发现美国的科技水平很高，得到诺贝尔奖金的学者很多。就派了一个教育代表团去考察美国的大学教育。考察团的结论也很惊人，几乎所有的教育专家都认为美国的大学教育比中国有很大的有优势，美国大学的科研水平很高，教育注重启发性，教师同学生有很多互动，培养出来的学生有很强的创新精神。考察团忧心忡忡的报告说，如果这个趋势得不到改变，二十年后中国的科技水平同美国的科技水平之间的差距还会进一步拉大。
二十年过去了。现在到了21世纪初。美国的教育体制并没有改变，中国的教育体制也基本还是老样子。可是两个考察团的预言都没有变成现实。美国的先进科技依然领先，中国的科技水平也没有被美国进一步拉下太远。为
什么这些专家的预言都错了。难道他们看到了假的情况?如此结果的原因究竟是什么呢?以笔者看，专家们看到的情况并不假，不过就是只看到了一部分的情况。美国考察团只看了中国教育比较好的领域，就是中小学的情况，而中国专家只看了美国比较好的一部分的情况，就是大学的情况。那为什么美国同中国比，大学比中国好而中小学不如呢?笔者认为就是管理制度的问题。同一个国家在不同领域会有不同的管理体制。美国大学同中小学的管理制度是不相同的，中国大学同中小学的管理制度也是不同的。关键的关键是有没有竞争。明显的是：中方同美方的优势领域：中国的中小学的管理制度同美国的大学制度有共同的特点，它们都是竞争激烈的。而中方同美方的劣势领域：中国的大学教育和美国的中小学教育制度也有共同的特点，它们都是缺少竞争的。
要比较或评价制度优劣首先应当有一个能得到公认的评价标准。什么是评价一个行业的现有管理制度是否良好的标准呢?笔者认为有两个标准：
一.是看这个制度能否将合适这个行业的精英人才聚积到这里
二.这个行业，已经在这个行业的人才是否有很高的工作积极性
竞争机制就有这样两个基本功能：择优和激励
一.从初，中级教育看，
在中国多数时间里，考上大学比较难，(1978年笔者考大学时，录取率是1：20)高考淘汰率比较高。考上大学就有前途，成了精英。考不上就前途渺茫，可能要做一
辈子苦工。这就是所谓的：一考定终身。所以中国的小学生从入学开始，都有一个考大学的远大目标。每个学生从小学开始就要严格要求自己，要努力学习，每天很早就上学。下午5点才能回家，晚上还要做两个多小时的作业。假期也不一定能闲着，很多时候都要参加补习班，要自己在课外时间多学英语，学数学，以求在学习上能领先别人一步。在学校，班级，年级，每次考试都要排名次，看看每个同学的学习成绩是进步了还是退步了。如果进步了，老师，同学都会对你有很多鼓励。家长也会非常高兴，常常还有奖励。考得不好，老师同学都会看不起你，家长也不会有什么好脸色。所以中国学生都知道考试分数的重要。一切活动都是为了考试。中国同学中流传最多的一句话就是：“考，考，考，老师的法宝，分，分，分，学生的命根”。在考试竞争和分数压力面前，学生学习的积极性被发挥到了极限，对一些需要做很多练习需要较多学习时间的学习科目，如数学物理等，中国学生达到了相当高的水平。以至于世界中学生数学物理竞赛中，前三名每次都有中国人。典型的一次是，前三名中，一，三名是中国人，第二名是美国人，可也是移民美国不久的华裔。很多中国中小学生移民美国，他们的学习成绩在美国学校中显得如此突出，以至于美国学生大都认为华人学生在数学物理方面有特别的天才。其实只有中国人才知道，这种“天才”完全是勤奋带来的。而中国学生的这种勤奋，又是竞争激烈的环境逼出来的习惯。
对中国的中小学校领导而言，高考的压力和动力引导下，也同样发挥了极高的工作效率。
不同学校之间存在很强的竞争。比的就是升学率，如果某个学校的升学率不高，就被认为是个不好的学校，学生家长都不愿意送学生来学习，政府拨款也比较少，这样
一来，不但这个学校的老师待遇会比较差，就连当这个学校的校长，也是无名无利，连面子都没有。所以他一定要改变这个局面，要努力提高升学率，有了这个东西，就有了一切。
如果一个学校的升学率很高，很多学生家长就会想尽办法把自己的子弟送来，这样就会产生入学名额供不应求的情况。考入好中学需要很高的分数。淘汰率很高。入学生源素质的提高又进一步提高了该学校的升学率。形成良性循环。如果有些富人子弟分数不够，也想把子弟送来，那么就要交“择校费”。重点中学都有中考录取分数线，如果你家子弟差了几分，还想进入这样的好学校，那么就拿钱来。择校费通常都很高。经常高于一万元，甚至有的学校的择校费是：“(比录取分数线)少一分，就交一万。”在中国，只有家境富裕的学生才能交得起择校费。由这种择校费产生的额外收入就可以用来改善学校教师和行政领导的待遇，也进一步提高了学校领导和老师的工作积极性。除富人外，很多官员也要设法送子弟来读书。可如果达不到录取分数线，就需要权力来达到目的。所以中国的重点中学常有些录取名额是留给当地当权官员子弟用的。政府领导批条子，有些成绩不够的政府官员家庭子弟也可以进好学校。形成一种具有中国特色的“腐败”现象。这种“腐败”不但对学校却有很大的好处。政府对重点中学的拨款可能比较多。对重点学校的校长而言，也会有很多好处。比如会有比较多的人求他。这种掌握学生入学权力的状况，使他在政府官员(中国的中学校长也是一种政府官员)中间如鱼得水，有较多可以用来交换的权力，就能交换到较多的自己需要的东西，如升迁的机会等。对于重点中学(小学)的校长而言，“重点”两个字给他个人也带来很多利益，所以他也一定要紧紧抓住教学质量(升学率)这个纲，才能纲举目张。落后的学校要往前赶，先进的学
校要继续保持领先地位。你追我赶就形成了良性竞争。就象参加奥运会必须要办好国内联赛一样。学校间的竞争使得中国中小学各学校的整体教学水平都得到提高。
对重点中学(小学)的老师而言，因为学校面临极大的竞争压力(升学率)，校长对各老师会采取种种竞争性考核办法，且考核结果常常要同老师的使用和待遇挂钩。学校对所带班级学生考试成绩优良的老师就重用，分房子，发奖金，评职称。提高待遇。那些教学水平高的老师，学生升学率高，出了名，也象明星一样，会有很多人追捧，会有许多家长指名要送学生来给他教。这种局面下。那位老师的各种利益也一定不会少。此外，这些老师如果业余时间去办个补习班，也一定会有许多学生报名参加，那他也很快就致富了。这样一来，这位教学水平高的老师的前途就十分光明。可学校对那些所带学生成绩搞不上去的老师，就会冷遇，淘汰，不分房，不评职称。他也没有自己业余(星期天)办补习班的机会。他的前途只会是暗淡的。在这样一个一切围绕升学分数转的残酷竞争氛围中，没有一个老师敢于偷懒，老师的工作强度也达到了通常人难以想象的地步。笔者现在生活城市的一个办得不错的新的私立学校中，尽管老师待遇还不错(月薪5000，有住房)老师的工作时间是从早上7点(带早自习)到晚上十点(带晚自习)。笔者还了解到某次本市一个小学招聘一位教师，应聘人数之多，竞争之激烈，(要经过三轮多项的竞争。要比试讲，课堂效果分析，教案，等五六个项目)最后胜者水平之高都令咱这做大学老师的咋舌。在这种竞争体制下，好的老师自然能出头，水平不高的老师也会逐步淘汰，时间久了也就造成了中国水平很高的一批中小学教师队伍。用一句管理学的话来说，就是竞争出人才。
《美国教育制度》出自：百味书屋
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