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英语语音语调基本知识

2017-04-04 07:13:19 来源网站: 百味书屋

篇一:英语语音语调总结

英语语音语调

I英语语音要点:

1. 按照音标发好每个词的音 (单词重音):

2. 不可把不完全爆破发成完全爆破:

(1)blac(k)board goo(d) time si(t ) down a(c)tor publi(c) duty

(2 ) absenteighthpicture a big change help them?

3. 注意词的弱读式:

aan and are as because can for from

havehas hadof orthat than towas

4. 注意词与词间的连读:

(1)an American writer China is in Asia.

(2)far away There are about eight American novels.

(3)my only daughterher English teacher

5. 注意语句重音:

(1)n. v.adj.adv. num.. demo. pron.inter.

(2)art. Prep. conj. link-v. aux.v. pron.

6. 注意语调:

(1)降调— 陈述句、祈使句、感叹句、特殊问句 (肯定、完整的意义)

(2)升调— 一般疑问句、呼语、问候语、告别语、道歉语 (不完整、委婉等)

(3)降升调— 警告、反驳、安慰、鼓励、祝愿等

II英语语句重音:

㈠ 重读的词:

1. 名词: An elephant is an animal.

2. 形容词:Her skirt is blue and white.

3. 数词: John is nine. My second brother is a doctor.

4. 实义动词: She sings well.

5. 副词: He speaks English slowly and carefully.

6. 某些代词:

(1)指示代词: thisthatthesethose

(2)反身代词: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

(3)不定代词:some, every, all, both, none, other, many, few, etc.

Everybody was late.

We are many; they are few.

Some are red; some are blue.

(4)疑问代词: who, whom, whose, what, which, etc.

7. 叹词: Oh, it’s snowing./ Dear me!

㈡ 不重读的词:

1. 冠词: This is a computer./ The computer is my sister’s.

2. 没有语义重音的代词:

(1)人称代词: They are my friends.

(2)物主代词: Their parents love them very much.

(3)关系代词: The book that he is reading is mine.

Do you remember the girl whom you met in the party?

3. 非实义动词:

(1)助动词:The meeting will be cancelled.

They do not go to church on Sundays.

(2)情态动词: He may not go to Shanghai tomorrow.

I used to go there.

(特殊:need, dare, do)

4. 连词:

(1)并列连词: I won’t do it, for I don’t think it’s right.

(2)比较连词: Study as your brother does.

He works much harder than you.

(3)从属连词: if, when, while, since, now (that), as if

5. 介词: about, above, across, after, against, among, at, before, behind, below, beneath,

beside, besides, beyond, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near,

of, off, on, over, past, round, since, through, to towards, under, until, till, up,

with

㈢ 说明:

1. 不重读的词,元音弱化。

2. 双音节的介词、连词,可重读:after, before, upon, because

3. up, down, in, on, 作为副词,重读。

Go on, please. / Pull the body up from the water. / Let me in. / Put down the book.

4. 形容词+名词: 两个词都重读。

He is a fine young man. / It’s been like this every day for two years.

5. 虚词重读的情况:

(1)强调: I didn’t know you were leaving.

Yes, I saw that the key was in the box.

(2)句首介词: On the day of his arrival, his grandpa died.

(3)句末的be 和助动词: Where can he be?

Do you live here? --- Yes, I do.

(4)be 和助动词与not 的缩写式: Speak louder. I can’t hear you. Isn’t it lovely?

(5)be 和助动词在句首可重读,也可不重读:

Is she any better today?

Have you finished writing the letter yet?

6. 有时某些形容词、副词、动词在句中可不重读: good, little, please, right

Good morning.What a pretty little thing!Come in, please.Here he is, right here.

III英语语调:

㈠ 降调:

— Look.He can’t.We haven’t time. What’s the time?

I should like you to come immediately after tea.

— I suppose it couldn’t possibly happen again.

They managed to catch the last bus into town.

She gave him a letter and told him to post it, but not to take long about it.

[Eg.]

You must take him home.

I’ll come as soon as I can.

We’ve been trying to get in touch with you all day.

How can I help you?

How far is it from here to the airport?

Who’s coming with me?

Where did you say you had put my glasses?

They promised to come to see me on their arrival.

It’s been a very enjoyable evening for all of us.

They had dinner at restaurant, and they went to a show.

I went to my brother’s room for the box, but the door was locked, so I couldn’t get it.

Stand up.Sit down.Come again tomorrow. A cup of coffee for me!What a pity!

How interesting!What lovely weather!How late you are!

㈡ 升调:

Doesn’t she? Have you spoken to him? Did anyone remember to lock the front door?

That’s right. What is your name? What can I do for you?

[Eg.]

Yes?Me? Where? Fine?These?Do you know? May I come in?Are you on the phone?Did you enjoy it? Can you manage? Can I help you?

Have you heard the latest news? Do you mind if I open the window?

That’s all. That’s enough. Keep on trying. If you like. I beg your pardon.

Let me know how you get on.I’m Richard, R-I-C-H-A-R-D.

One, two, three, four, five altogether. July the seventh, nineteen, ninety seven.

I like oranges, bananas, apples and pears.

㈢ 多语调群:

1. 升—降:

(1)状语/状语分句+主句:After the game, we had some tea. / When he came, I asked

him to tea.

(2)选择问句: Shall we go to the cinema or visit some friends?

(3)含有名词性分句或非限制性关系分句的句子:

Everybody says that it is an excellent film.

How he got there remains unknown.

My brother, whose wife is a doctor, has gone abroad.

[Eg.] (1)In spite of the rain, they all came as they promised.

Although she was very poor, she was extremely honest.

So hard did he work, that he was quite worn out.

Without knowing what she was doing, she began to cry.

(2)Shall I go there or will you come here?

Do you want to go out or stay home?

Are we going to get married or live together like this all our lives?

(3)The question is how we get in touch with him.

Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself.

2. 降—升:

(1)主句+状语/状语分句:I’d like to buy a new one, if I could afford it.

(2)反义疑问句(对答案无把握): You live on the campus, don’t you?

(3)祈使句+附加问句:Have some tea, will you?

[Eg.] (1)We can walk there if there’s time.

You’ll be late if you don’t hurry up.

We must put up with it, since it can’t be helped.

We have very little snow here as a rule.

(2)It’s going to snow, isn’t it?

We must move to Hong Kong, mustn’t we?

There won’t be enough time, will there?

She hasn’t finished her composition, has she?

(3)Make it next Monday, shall we?

Shut the door, will you?

Be a good girl, will you?

Don’t worry, will you?

3. 降—降:

(1)反义疑问句(对答案有把握):

He’s an honest man, isn’t he?

She doesn’t work hard, does she?

(2)主句+分句(分句语气肯定):

I will talk to him about it when he comes.

Let’s get started since you’re all here.

(3)并列句(意思联系不太密切):

You’ve worked very well so far, keep it up.

Don’t beat about the bush and come to the point.

[Eg.] (1)It’s fine day, isn’t it?

It’s about the Second World War, isn’t it?

Samprass took the first prize, didn’t he?

You like coffee, don’t you?

(2)There was no one in the room when I got there.

I’ll send a car for you if you give me your number.

I began to prepare dinner as soon as I got home.

She begged me to stay when I insisted going.

(3)I don’t want to make a decision at once, I’ll talk it over with John.I can never talk easily with him; we seem to have nothing in commen.None of us is perfect; we all make mistakes.

There of the speakers are strongly for; one is strongly against.

㈣ 含插入语句子的语调:

1. 句首:Of course, he’s a great man.

2. 句中:This, I think, is the right way to do it.

When, do you suppose, you’ll finish the job.

3. 句末: That’s a difficult problem, to be sure.

He may be late, I’m afraid.

㈤ 同位语与其同位成分的语调:

1. 升—升: Have you seen the film. Gone with the wind?

2. 降—降: Our university lies in a suburb of Beijing, the capital of China.

㈥ 含称呼语的语调组合:

1. 句首:

降—降:My brother, don’t be silly.

降—升:Mom, isn’t this skirt too short for me?

2. 句中:

升—降:I say, Zona, you do look pale.

升—升:Hello, Bill, can’t I help you?

3. 句末:I’m not cold, father.

What’s happened, Susan?

Aren’t you going to call me, Mr. Richard?

Will you play the piano with me, Jones?

篇二:英语语音语调综述

语调的本质

?

? 语调是说话时冠于话语上的音高变化。 声调也跟音高变化有关,但是两者并不相同。声调主要表现在字词上,而语调则可以表现在大于字词的单位,例如句子上。

英语语调的基本单位

?

? 在语流中,语调的基本单位是语调单位 (tone unit 或称 intonation group)。 每一个语调单位都包含一个呈现音高变化的突出音节。该音节必须是个重读音节,而且是音高开始变化的音节,称为语调音节 (tonic syllable)。

英语语调的功能

语调跟其它重音节成分一样,也起区别意义的作用,但区别的并不是词的基本意义,而是其它语义:

1. 揭示语句的语法类型,例如:陈述句、问句或祈使句等等;

2. 表达说话人的态度或情绪,例如:惊讶、不耐烦或表达言外之意。

语调功能

英语语调的意义

语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,以英语为例,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、降调(↘)、升降调(∧)、降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子,语调不同,意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例:

1)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry?(↗)

* Jean用升调说“Sorry”,其意思是“I didn't hear you.Could you say that again,please?” 我们再看下句:

2)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry.(↘)

* 在对话2)中,Jean用降调说“Sorry”,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。美国著名语言学家Kenneth L.Pike认为:一个音节的绝对调高是不重要的,而一个音节与另外一个的相对高度才是非常重要的。英语有四级能区别意义的调高:

1)特高调(extra high),即比正常的声调高两级,常在感情特别激动或惊讶时使用。

2)高调(high),即比正常的声调高一级,一般用于语句中关键性的重读词。

3)中调(mid),即说话人声音的正常高度。

4)低调(low),即比正常的声调低一级, 一般是降调的最低点。

应该按照说话人的态度来分语调模式,而不能按照句子的语法结构来分。没有所谓“疑问句的语调”或“陈述句的语调”。因为疑问句和陈述句都可以用各种语调模式来说。 因此,对于我们中国的英语学习者来说,通过了解某种调型所表示的某种态度或口气也就颇为重要。事实上,无论是在现实生活中还是在考试中,我们的学生常会因为对这些知识缺乏了解而无法确定说话人的态度、感情、口吻和意图等。然而这又是一个比较复杂的问题。本文将通过具体的例子从两方面来说明这个问题:

I.一句话中绝对调高及音调的相对高度所包含的意义

众所周知,人们在兴奋、惊讶或感情激动时说话的语调就高,而在相反的情况下,语调则低。因此,在同一个场合中,如果一个人的语调明显高于另一个,或明显低于另

一个,以此就可以推断出该说话人的意思及态度。

这里我们要着重谈谈一句话中语调的相对高度的不同所包含的意义。一句话中的语调波峰一般都是句重音所在。通过一句话中的语调波峰所在,我们就可以了解说话人的意思。如人们读“I live in the city.”这句话时,由于强调的对象不同,语调也就随之发生了变化。现不妨比较如下:

I(↗)live in the city.(隐含着在场的其他人不住在城里的意思)

I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隐含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)

I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里边”,其隐含的意思是“我不住在城外”) 因此,对下面的对话所提问的问题进行选择时,就不难回答了。

----M:Linda looked very tired these days.

W:She looked OK to me(↗).

Q:What does the woman think of Linda?(D)

[A]She saw Linda and me. [B]Linda said she was fine. [C]She looked up the word for me. [D]She considered Linda was all right.

这句话里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一个单词“me”上。因为女士用升调重读“me”,这表示了女士有意与男士的看法形成对比,意思是:在你的眼里,她显得疲惫,可在我看来,她没什么问题。这表示了她那种无所谓的态度。

II.某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象

1.使用疑问词who,which,what, how,when,where,why的特殊疑问句可以用降调也可以用升调,但含义是不同的。如:

1)A:Mr.Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.

B:Who?(↗)

A:Mr.Smith.

* B用升调说“Who”,表示听不清对方谈话中的某一部分,要求对方再重复那一部分。

2)A:We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group. B:Who?(↘)

A:We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.

* B用降调说“Who”,其意思是问,对方想让谁在开场时致欢迎词。

2.附加疑问句可以读升调也可以读降调,意思是不相同的。降调表示发问者相信陈述句的内容,只等对方证实。升调表示发问者对陈述句内容的真实性没有把握,希望对方作出自己的判断。如:

1)A:You willfinish the work,won't you?(↘)

B:Yes,I will.

* A用降调提问,意思是:I know you will finish the work,but I want you to confirm it.

2)A:You willfinish the work,won'tyou?(↗)

B:Yes,I will.(或No,I won't.)

* A用升调提问,表示A心中没有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。因此,如果听到下面的对话并就所提问题进行选择时,哪个选项正确也就不言而喻了。

3)W:Mary says she likes playing tennis.

M:But she doesn't play tennis often,does she?(↘)

Q:Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)

[A]She plays a lot of other sports. [B]She doesn't really like tennis. [C]She only likes watching tennis. [D]She has a lot of things to do.

3.语调可以反应谈话人的互动性。如:

1)A:Are you Mr.Blake?

B:Yes.(↘)

A:Room twenty-six.

* 在这个例子中,B用降调说“Yes”,表示B的认可,这是一个封闭式的回答,这表明如果A没有新的问题要问或新的信息要告知,也许他们的对话就可以结束了。

2)A:Are you Mr.Blake?

B:Yes?(↗)

A:Ah,the secretary would like a word with you.

* 在这个例子中,B用升调回答“Yes”,表示这是一个开放式的回答,相当于:“Yes. But why do you ask?”或是“Yes.But who want to know?”之意。这也就是说,B在回答A的问题的同时又向A提出了一个新问题,并要求A予以回答。

掌握了这一点之后,对于下面的对话所提问的问题,就不难回答了。

3)M:How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?

W:A day?(↗)

Q:What does the woman mean?(B)

[A]We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.

[B]Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?

[C]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.

[D]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.

4.陈述句式一般读降调,用以陈述事实。若读升调,往往表示对所说事情的怀疑。如:

1)She lent him her car.(↘)(用以陈述事实)

She lent him her car?(↗)

(表示惊奇、怀疑,含有“Did she really lend her car to him ?”之意。)

再请看下面的例子:

2)M:I started driving at 8:00yesterday and arrived here at 5:30 this morning. W:You drove all night?(↗)

Q:What does the woman mean?

[A]Night driving can be dangerous. [B]You shouldn't have driven during the night. [C]Why don't you drive all night? [D]Did you really drive all night?

答案为D。

5.有些一般疑问句的句式读作降调,实际上表示感叹。

如:Hasn't she grown!(↘)这句话实则表示:她长得多快!

请看下面的例子:

1)M:Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↘)

W:Are you serious?

Q:What does the man say about Sam's speech?

[A]Sam's speech wasn't great,was it?

[B]Sam's speech was great,wasn't it?

[C]Sam gave a serious speech.

[D]Sam was not serious.

篇三:英语语音课程之语调教学

探析英语语音课程之语调教学

[摘 要] 语调是语言的重要组成部分。不同的语言系统其语调

存在巨大的差异。在学习一种新的语言系统时,母语对第二语言学

习产生了很大的影响。学生难以摆脱母语的语调模式。但是,在语

音教学中,应当注重让学生明确英语语调群的六大部分,讲解语调

规则时深入浅出,并注重使用生动的朗读模仿练习。

[关键词] 语音语调 语调学习障碍 语调教学

目前,英语语音被很多英语专业列入必修课,甚至有些非英语专

业如我校的国际交流学院,也对其所有专业在一年级开设了英语语

音这门课程。其目的是帮助学生改掉不良甚至是错误的英语发音习

惯,培养科学、优美、地道的语音语调。

英语语音教学分为三大部分:语音(pronunciation)、语调

(intonation)、节奏(rhythm)。这其中,语调教学是重点亦是难

点。

一、英语语调的构成

语调是语言的重要组成部分。英语语调以句重音为基础。英语语

调的基本单位是语调群。一个语调群至少有一个重读音节,也可以

有一个以上的重读音节和不定数的非重读音节。

一个语调群可以分成六部分:调冠(prehead)、调头(head)、调

体(body)、调核(nucleus)、调尾(tail)。语调核心一般是一个

语调群中最后一个重读音节,接受语调,表达讲话者的语调和情感。

语调核心的语调影响后面调尾的音调。调尾是调和之后的所有非重

读音节。语调群的第一个重读音节是调头,调头前面的非重读音节

是调冠。调头和调冠之间的不定数目的重读和非重读音节是调体。

例如:

prehead head body nucleus tail

she is our eng- lish teach- er.

二、影响英语语调学习的因素

1.母语的影响

在学习一种新的语言系统时,母语的影响起着相当重要的作用。

很多认知学家、语言学家和语言教师在这点上都达成了共识。母语

与所学外语的差别越大,学习的障碍也就越大。这些障碍不单单表

现在音素的辨别上,也表现在语调模式上。这其中,母语的语调模

式往往会深深地烙在第二语言的语流上。

2.学习环境

对于绝大多数英语学习者而言,虽然每天在学习的是英语,可是

一扭头、一张嘴是在用中文和身边的人交流着。所以他们会抱怨无

论怎么努力学习英语语调,也很难说得有洋味儿。这确实是一个问

题,因为这样英语语调模式很难深深地刻录到我们的记忆细胞里。

但这不是绝对的,如果学习者可以尽可能为自己营造一个英语的学

习环境,尽可能多地去接触标准的英语语调,也是能够取得较好效

果的。

3.语言学习的能力

有一些人是有语言学习天赋,具备很强的语言学习能力。他们的

耳朵很敏感,可以轻而易举分辨出母语和一种新的语言系统之间音

与音的不同,并且能够惟妙惟肖的模仿新的音素。这是第二语言学

习的优越条件。但这并不意味着其他人就不可能学好第二语言了。

有些人的语言学习能力虽然略胜一筹,但是理论上每个正常的人都

具备语言学习的基本能力。通过大量练习,语言学习者一定会有所

收获的。

4.语言学习的习惯

语言学习,尤其是语言的语调学习,不同于任何科学技术的学习。

它不单需要重复性的练习,更需要长期的大量练习,如此才可心领

神会。但是由于国内中学阶段的英语教学多注重笔头,而不是口语

表达,因此学生们也早已习惯于机械性的背诵。对语言学习而言,

显然是有所偏离的。

三、英语语调教学的重点

鉴于英语语调学习的困难所在,语调教学中让学生明确汉语和英

语之间的语调不同,是保证学生掌握地道的英语语调的前提。汉语

是“声调语言”,英语是“语调语言”。汉语的语流变化是以汉字为

基础,汉字本身是什么声调就语流就做什么变化。英语的语流变化

变化则相对复杂。英语语调是以重读音节为基础,而音节本身没有

语调。语调的作用在于可以表达词汇和句法结构本身以外的意义,

可以标明说话者在特定语境中所处的态度。这些都不是固定的。所

以,英语语调教学的重难点应该是让学生辨别语境,即语用功能了。

仅从语义的角度去理解语调的作用是远远不够的。因为话语在任

何一种语言中都含有两层意义。一层是指通过发声、 词汇和句法

所表达的字面意义,即话语的语义内容。另一层是指说话人通过所

说话语要表达的隐含意义或语旨力即话语的语用内容。

1.语调的选择

1.1 调核的语调

调核表达说话者的态度和情感。因此调核使用的哪种语调取决于

说话者的情感和态度。因此教学中必须让学生明确识别语用内容对

调核语调的影响。

1.1.1 表示“惊奇”时, 陈述句可用高升调。如:

-this is what you ‵get. (a statement of fact)

- this is what i ′get? ( surprise)

1.1.2 表示“感兴趣 ”时,特殊疑问句可用低升调。如:

- i’ m going out.

- where are you ′going ? (interested)

1.1.3 表示“请求”或“急切警告”时,命令句可用低升调或降升

调。如:

′stop.

1.1.4 引起对方注意应该用升调。如:

′mom, i need your help.

1.1.5 表示亲切活泼可用降升调。如:

have a good ˇtime.

1.1.6 表示抱怨,一般疑问句可以用降调。如:

do you understand it ‵now? (i have explained so many times,

you should have understood it now.)

1.1.7 表示感叹,否定式的一般疑问句可以用降调。如:

isn’t she ‵beautiful?

1.2调冠、调头的语调

调冠的使用也可以表达说话者的情感和态度。

1.2.1 “高调冠 + 低升调”使讲话显得生动活泼, 并带有“ 关

切”和“鼓舞”的性质, 有时还增加了“惊讶”的程度。如:

- honey, when can we come here again?

- ˉany time you /like.

1.2.2“低平调头 (或无调头 ) + 低升调”,在一定的语境下表示

“ 随意”、 “ 淡漠”、“反驳”、“批评”等。如:

it is too late. time for /bed.

1.2.3 “高调冠 +降调”加强了讲话的力量, 有时还反映了“说

话者愤怒”的情绪。如:

ˉyou ‵lost it!

1.2.4 “高升调头 + 低升调” 表示活泼的、 强调的、 心情愉


英语语音语调基本知识》出自:百味书屋
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